Refractive errors and risk factors for myopia in infants aged 1–18 months in Tianjin, China

Abstract

Background Infancy is the of a child’s visual development. Refractive errors, especially myopia, are a common vision disorder. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among infants aged 1–18 months in Tianjin, China. Methods A total of 583 infants aged 1–18 months participated in this cross-sectional study at Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center in China from February 2019 to November 2020. Each infant received a complete ophthalmologic examination, and myopia-related risk factors were investigated using a questionnaire. Results A total of 583 eligible infants participated in this study, including 312 (53.5%) boys and 271 (46.5%) girls. There were 164 (28.1%) premature born infants. The mean age was 6.59 ± 4.84 months (range, 1–18 months). The mean spherical equivalent (MSE) for the right eye was 1.81 D ± 1.56 D, with no difference related to sex (P = 0.104). Refractive state showed an average hyperopia of +2.74 ± 1.74 D at early ages, followed by a trend toward less hyperopia, finally reaching +1.35 ± 1.44 D at the age of 18 months (P ≤0.001). The overall prevalence rates of myopia (MSE ≤ −0.50 D), emmetropia (−0.50 D<MSE<+0.50 D), hyperopia (MSE ≥ +2.00 D), and astigmatism (≥ 1.50 D) were 5.1%, 10.8%, 42.7%, and 49.9%, respectively. The chi-square tests showed that gender, gestational age ≥37 weeks, winter birth, prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and parental history of high myopia were associated with children’s myopia (P = 0.022, P = 0.023, P = 0.038, P = 0.015, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions Among Chinese infants in Tianjin, hyperopia and astigmatism were the most frequent refractive errors, and the diopter was lower in individuals with higher age. In a small number of infants with myopia, genetic factors and the prenatal environment were associated with the early onset of myopia.

The Magnitude of Refractive Error and Its Associated Factors Among Patients Visiting Ophthalmology Clinics in Southern Ethiopia, 2022

“…In this study, clients having a positive family history of refractive error increase the odds of having refractive errors by 3.94 times (p < 0.001). Studies done in India, 37 Bangladesh, 36 China 48 and Hawassa, Ethiopia 18 agree with this study finding. This could explain why, it might be, the parental history of refractive error was considered a marker for both genes and a shared family environmental exposure.…”

The Performance of Spot Photoscreener in 6 to 10 Weeks Infants in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Te mean SEQ was found to be 2.49 ± 1.29 D in these infants, consistent with the reported data, indicating that most infants under 3 months of age exhibited approximately 2.00-3.00 D of hyperopia. [20][21][22] Our fndings revealed that Spot photoscreener underestimated SEQ by 2.33 D compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy in these infants. With induction of cycloplegia by tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5% eye drops, the Spot photoscreener showed a good agreement with retinoscopy in SEQ, with the diference narrowing to −0.01 D. However, the Spot photoscreener exhibited a higher cylindrical power measurement with a diference of approximately 0.20 D, while it had a better ability to measure astigmatism in J 0 than J 45 .…”

The performance of Spot photoscreener compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy refraction in 6 to 10 weeks old human infants

“…The mean SEQ was 2.49 ± 1.29D in these young infants, which was consistent with the reported data, illustrating that most infants under their rst 3 months have approximately 2.0-3.0 D of hyperopia. (20)(21)(22) Our results revealed that Spot photoscreener underestimated SEQ by 2.33D compared to the cycloplegic retinoscopy in these infants. With induction of cycloplegia by compound tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5% eye drops, Spot photoscreener showed a good agreement with retinoscopy in SEQ and the difference discriminated to -0.01D.…”