Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Yablon, A.D.; Yan, M. F.; Wisk, P.; DiMarcello, F.; Fleming, James W.; Reed, W. A.; Monberg, Eric M.; DiGiovanni, D. J.; Jasapara, J.; Lines, M. E.

doi:10.1063/1.1638883

Cited by 86 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The introduced nanoscale variation of the fiber radius and its refractive index is explained by relaxation of the tension with which the fiber was drawn [10,11]. In agreement with [10,11], the fiber radius increases with the heating power achieving saturation at the radius variation of the order of ten nanometers. The saturation corresponds to the condition of tension relaxation.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

Coupled high Q-factor surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators

Sumetsky¹,

Abedin²,

DiGiovanni³

et al. 2012

Opt. Lett.

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We experimentally demonstrate series of identical two, three, and five coupled high Q-factor Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) microresonators formed by periodic nanoscale variation of the optical fiber radius. These microresonators are fabricated with a 100 µm period along an 18 µm radius optical fiber. The axial FWHM of these microresonators is 80 µm and their Q-factor exceeds 10 7 . In addition, we demonstrate a SNAP microresonator with the axial FWHM as small as 30 µm and the axial FWHM of the fundamental mode as small as 10 µm. These results may potentially enable the dense integration of record low loss coupled photonic microdevices on the optical fiber platform.

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supporting

confidence: 58%

Coupled high Q-factor surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators

Sumetsky¹,

Abedin²,

DiGiovanni³

et al. 2012

Opt. Lett.

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“…A general method of precise variation of the effective radius of an optical fiber is based on local annealing of the fiber surface performed with a CO 2 laser beam [ Figure 8(A)]. It is known that an optical fiber is drawn under certain tension which is frozen in after it cools down [48][49][50]. It was found that the release of this tension by short-time heating using, e.g., a CO 2 laser beam, causes a nanoscale variation in the fiber effective radius.…”

Section: Methods Of Fabrication Of Snap Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Sumetsky¹

2013

Nanophotonics

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This review is concerned with nanoscale effects in highly transparent dielectric photonic structures fabricated from optical fibers. In contrast to those in plasmonics, these structures do not contain metal particles, wires, or films with nanoscale dimensions. Nevertheless, a nanoscale perturbation of the fiber radius can significantly alter their performance. This paper consists of three parts. The first part considers propagation of light in thin optical fibers (microfibers) having the radius of the order of 100 nanometers to 1 micron. The fundamental mode propagating along a microfiber has an evanescent field which may be strongly expanded into the external area. Then, the cross-sectional dimensions of the mode and transmission losses are very sensitive to small variations of the microfiber radius. Under certain conditions, a change of just a few nanometers in the microfiber radius can significantly affect its transmission characteristics and, in particular, lead to the transition from the waveguiding to non-waveguiding regime. The second part of the review considers slow propagation of whispering gallery modes in fibers having the radius of the order of 10-100 microns. The propagation of these modes along the fiber axis is so slow that they can be governed by extremely small nanoscale changes of the optical fiber radius. This phenomenon is exploited in SNAP (surface nanoscale axial photonics), a new platform for fabrication of miniature super-low-loss photonic integrated circuits with unprecedented sub-angstrom precision. The SNAP theory and applications are overviewed. The third part of this review describes methods of characterization of the radius variation of microfibers and regular optical fibers with sub-nanometer precision.

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“…[124][125][126] Such a frozen-in viscoelasticity has a significant impact on the refractive index profile of optical fibers. Hence it is possible to change frozen-in viscoelasticity to modulate refractive index in the fiber via heat treatment of a postdraw fiber under tension.…”

Section: Applying Prestrainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

222

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Cited by 86 publications

References 15 publications

Coupled high Q-factor surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators

Coupled high Q-factor surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators

Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

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