Refugees at the Crossroads of Continents: A Molecular Approach for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Among Refugees in Turkey

Özbilgin, Ahmet; Gençoğlan, Gülsüm; Tunalı, Varol; Çavuş, İbrahim; Yıldırım, Ahmet; Gündüz, Cumhur; Harman, Mehmet

doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00139-4

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Other species/complexes were less often reported, and their epidemiological and clinical features were: -L. aethiopica: 13 cases reported [7,10,11,119,132,133,136,247,275,277], six of them imported from Ethiopia [10,11,136,247]; only three cases described lesions [119,132,247]: two of them as single lesions in the face or trunk [121,247] and one as multiple lesions in the face [132]; in two patients the lesions were papular/nodular [119,247] and in one it was a plaque/crust [132]; management strategy was described in six cases (one no treatment, [247], two topical with intralesional antimonial and cryotherapy, [277], and three systemic with miltefosine or LAmB, [119,132,133]). Relapses were not reported in any of the cases.…”

Section: Clinical Aspects and Management Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review

Rocha¹,

Pereira

Maia³

2022

Pathogens

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Leishmaniases are human and animal parasitic diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Globalization is an important driver of the burden and in the current dynamics of these diseases. A systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2021 was conducted using the PubMed search engine to identify the epidemiology and clinical management of imported human leishmaniases as a fundamental step to better manage individual cases and traveler and migrant health from a global perspective. A total of 275 articles were selected, representing 10,341 human imported cases. Identified drivers of changing patterns in epidemiology include conflict and war, as well as host factors, such as immunosuppression, natural and iatrogenic. Leishmania species diversity associated with different clinical presentations implies diagnostic and treatment strategies often complex to select and apply, especially in non-endemic settings. Thus, diagnostic and management algorithms for medical clinical decision support are proposed. Increased surveillance of non-endemic cases, whether in vulnerable populations such as refugees/migrants and immunocompromised individuals or travelers, could improve individual health and mitigate the public health risk of introducing Leishmania species into new areas.

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Section: Clinical Aspects and Management Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review

Rocha¹,

Pereira

Maia³

2022

Pathogens

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“…However, according to the official records of the Ministry of Health, CL incidence tripled between 2012 and 2013 (n=2015 and n=5362, respectively) after the influx of hundred thousand refugees into Turkey, mostly from Syria (17). In addition to that, the identification of Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani, and Leishmania aethiopica in CL cases, as well as the hybrid Leishmania species and Leishmania RNA virus (LRV)-positive L. major isolates from clinical samples were all reported in Turkey, between 2012 and 2022 for the first time (1,(5)(6)(7)18).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The refugee crisis is one of the leading problems of the world today. Factors such as political unrest and wars, drought and famine associated with global warming, and overcrowded neighborhoods after the influx of refugees may seriously aggravate this problem ( 1 , 2 ). According to the United Nations Refugee Committee, there are almost 27 million refugees in the world today; Syria, Venezuela, and Afghanistan are the leading countries of origin for refugees ( 3 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These infections include many life-threatening infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, measles, malaria, various diarrheal diseases, scabies, and leishmaniasis. Among them, leishmaniasis has become one of the most prominent diseases as both its incidence and pathogenesis have been modified due to various factors, including the refugee crisis ( 1 - 3 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endemic in 102 countries today, leishmaniasis has an incidence of more than 1 million cases, and almost three-fourths of them are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which involves only the skin of the patients and requires essential treatment for total recovery. It is endemic in many countries both in the Old and the New World; according to World Health Organization (WHO), almost 90% of all CL cases are reported in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, today ( 1 , 4 - 7 ). In addition to geography, climate, and sandflies, individual genetic factors may also influence the risk of CL development among individuals ( 8 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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An Update on the Imported Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Europe

Kurt

Özbilgin

Petersen³

et al. 2023

Infect Dis Clin Microbiol

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he refugee crisis is one of the leading problems of the world today. Factors such as political unrest and wars, drought and famine associated with global warming, and overcrowded neighborhoods after the influx of refugees may seriously aggravate this problem (1, 2). According to the United Nations Refugee Committee, there are almost 27 million refugees in the world today; Syria, Venezuela, and Afghanistan are the leading countries of origin for refugees (3). The old, well-known Asian route of refugees starts in eastern India, passes through all of Afghanistan and Iran, and reaches western Anatolia, where they try to pass the border to reach western Europe illegally. Poor travel conditions of refugees and the poverty associated with the endemic infections may aggravate the transmission risk of many infectious diseases to Turkey and Europe, the primary and final destinations of refugees, consecutively. These infections include many life-threatening infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, measles, malaria, various diarrheal diseases, scabies, and leishmaniasis. Among them, leishmaniasis has become one of the most prominent diseases as both its incidence and pathogenesis have been modified due to various factors, including the refugee crisis (1-3).Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, neglected parasitic disease caused by a group of flagellated protozoa, the Leishmania species, and transmitted by sandflies (Phlebotomus spp. or Lutzomyia spp.). Endemic in 102 countries today, leishmaniasis has an incidence of more than 1 million cases, and almost three-fourths of them are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which involves only the skin of the patients and requires essential treatment for total recovery. It is endemic in many countries both in the Old and the New World; according to World Health Organization (WHO), almost 90% of all CL cases are reported in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, today (1, 4-7). In addition to geography, climate, and sandflies, individual genetic factors may also influence the risk of CL development among individuals (8).

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