Regaining body weight after weight reduction further increases pulse wave velocity in obese men with metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or obesity have worse arterial stiffness. However, there have been no studies addressing time-sequential changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV) after weight loss and then regaining weight in obese non-diabetic men with MetS.We prospectively enrolled 40 obese, non-diabetic men with MetS undergoing a 3-month weight reduction program. Another 26 lean and healthy men were recruited for comparisons. Oral glucose tolerance test and brachial ankle (ba) PWV were assessed in study subjects. Eighteen obese non-diabetic MetS and 15 lean control subjects had follow-ups at the 60th month.The body weight of obese MetS decreased from 94.8 ± 7.6 to 86.1 ± 9.0 (N = 18, P < .001) after a 3-month weight reduction program but regained gradually thereafter to 93.6 ± 11.6 kg at the 60th month (P < .001 versus 3rd month). baPWV decreased after weight loss slightly (P = .240) while weight regain significantly increased the baPWV (from 3rd month, 1358 ± 168 to 60th month 1539 ± 264 cm/sec, P < .001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increments correlated with the increment of baPWV after weight regain. At the 60th month, lean controls (N = 15) had increases in body weight while their baPWV increased non-significantly. The increments of baPWV after weight regain in obese MetS were significantly higher than the increment of baPWV in lean controls after weight gain.In conclusion, regaining body weight after weight reduction worsened arterial stiffness with significant increase of baPWV in obese non-diabetic MetS.

Arterial Stiffness Assessment by Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Is It a Useful Tool in Clinical Practice?

“…Interestingly, brachial–ankle PWV at the 60th month after weight regaining in obese patients with MS was even worse than the baseline values, was associated only with SBP or DBP increments, and when compared to healthy individuals proves to be beyond the aging process. In addition, brachial–ankle PWV values after weight regaining were independent of body weight, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), or insulin resistance changes [ 56 ]. However, it is still unknown what impacts a decrease in PWV value after weight reduction the most; whether it depends on changes in adipokines and inflammatory markers or is due to weight reduction per se [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Body mass cycling and predictors of body mass regain and its impact on cardiometabolic health

“…Studies have suggested that BM cycling may be more deleterious than simply maintaining BM and may increase the risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD). For example, in non-diabetic patients with MetS including obesity, BM regain after 60 months increased pulse wave velocity (PWV), a measure of arterial stiffness [61]. Additionally, follow-up studies after 4 [62], 10 [63] and 16 years [64] showed that higher BM fluctuations increased HOMA-IR and mortality [64], with the added detriments of increased SBP, total cholesterol, and TG [63] or higher risk for T2DM [62].…”

Temporal Associations Among Body Mass Index, Fasting Insulin, and Systemic Inflammation

“…Of these, 753 articles were excluded, resulting in 60 that met the selection criteria and 5603 enrolled participants (of whom 5261 were analyzed). 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ...…”

“…The durations of follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months (median, 12 months). A total of 21 studies were from Western Europe, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 11 from North America, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 9 from East Asia, 29 , 38 , 39 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 60 , 66 , 68 5 from South America, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 5 from Western Asia, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 and 3 each from Africa, 35 , 50 , 76 the Pacific, 26 , 42 , 75 and Eastern Europe. 45 , 74 , 80 …”

“…A total of 90% of the studies were in populations with metabolic disease or conditions associated with metabolic disease: obesity, 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 diabetes or prediabetes, 26 , 32 , 38 , 46 , 59 hypertension, 40 coronary artery disease, 65 dyslipidemia, 51 chronic kidney disease, 78 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 31 , 35 Cushing disease, 36 polycystic ovary syndrome, 61 breast cancer, 28 , 56 , 82 and aging (ie, college students 84 ). Of the patients in these 54 studies, 22 (41%) had undergone bariatric surgery as the studied intervention (n = 14) or as part of the required eligibility criteria (n = 8).…”