Regenerating spent graphite from scrapped lithium-ion battery by high-temperature treatment

Gao, Yang; Zhang, Jialiang; Jin, Hong; Liang, Guoqiang; Ma, Linlin; Chen, Yongqiang; Wang, Chengyan

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.053

Cited by 64 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…We list comparison to other similar recent work which was shown in Table S2. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Compared with other processes, the graphite anode recovered by our method shows higher ICE, almost full recovery of capacity, very low cost, and short time consumption. This method is a cost-effective reported method for anode regeneration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

Dong

Song

Yao

et al. 2022

EcoMat

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Graphite is the state-of-the-art anode material for most commercial lithiumion batteries. Currently, graphite in the spent batteries is generally directly burned, which caused not only CO 2 emission but also a waste of precious carbon resources. In this study, we regenerate graphite in lithium-ion batteries at the end of life with excellent electrochemical properties using the fast, efficient, and green Flash Joule Heating method (FJH). Through our own developed equipment, under constant pressure and air atmosphere, graphite is rapidly regenerated in 0.1 s without pollutants emission. We perform a detailed analysis of graphite material before and after recovery by multiple means of characterization and find that the regenerated graphite displays electrochemical properties nearly the same as new graphite. FJH provides a large current for defect repair and crystal structure reconstruction in graphite, as well as allowing the SEI coating to be removed during ultra-fast annealing. The electric field guide the conductive agent and binder pyrolysis products to form conductive sheet graphene and curly graphene covering the graphite surface, making the recycled graphite even better than new commercial graphite in terms of electrical conductivity. Regenerated graphite has excellent multiplier performance and cycle performance (350 mAh g À1 at 1 C with a capacity retention of 99% after 500 cycles). At cost, we get recycled graphite that displays the same performance as new graphite, costing just 77 CNY per ton. This FJH method is not only universal for the regeneration of spent graphite generated by various devices but also enables multiple use-failure-regeneration steps of graphite, showing great potential for commercial applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

Dong

Song

Yao

et al. 2022

EcoMat

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“…To reach a higher recycling efficiency, new products such as graphite should be considered, as it represents 15−20% of LIB's total mass. 4 Furthermore, to meet the revised Battery Directive with possible specific material recovery targets, for example., 95% Co, Cu, and Ni by 2030, 2 regulations, the supply risk of graphite has only recently gained attention. Indeed, graphite will remain an essential component of LIBs in the foreseeable future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current and emerging recycling technologies for LIBs typically focus on the recovery of components that have high economic value, such as Co, Ni, and Cu. To reach a higher recycling efficiency, new products such as graphite should be considered, as it represents 15–20% of LIB’s total mass . Furthermore, to meet the revised Battery Directive with possible specific material recovery targets, for example., 95% Co, Cu, and Ni by 2030, more robust recycling strategies are sorely needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling─Influence of Recycling Processes on Component Liberation and Flotation Separation Efficiency

et al. 2022

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Recycling is a potential solution to narrow the gap between the supply and demand of raw materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the efficient separation of the active components and their recovery from battery waste remains a challenge. This paper evaluates the influence of three potential routes for the liberation of LIB components (namely mechanical, thermomechanical, and electrohydraulic fragmentation) on the recovery of lithium metal oxides (LMOs) and spheroidized graphite particles using froth flotation. The products of the three liberation routes were characterized using SEM-based automated image analysis. It was found that the mechanical process enabled the delamination of active materials from the foils, which remained intact at coarser sizes along with the casing and separator. However, binder preservation hinders active material liberation, as indicated by their aggregation. The electrohydraulic fragmentation route resulted in liberated active materials with a minor impact on morphology. The coarse fractions thus produced consist of the electrode foils, casing, and separator. Notwithstanding, it has the disadvantage of forming heterogeneous agglomerates containing liberated active particles. This was attributed to the dissolution of the anode binder and its rehardening after drying, capturing previously liberated particles. Finally, the thermomechanical process showed a preferential liberation of individual anode active particles and thus was considered the preferred upstream route for flotation. However, the thermal treatment oxidized Al foils, rendering them brittle and resulting in their distribution in all size fractions. Among the three, the thermomechanical black mass showed the highest flotation selectivity due to the removal of the binder, resulting in a product recovery of 94.4% graphite in the overflow and 89.4% LMOs in the underflow product.

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“…Additionally, the cost of battery graphite, which makes up about 8% to 13% of the overall cost of the battery, is between $8000 and $13 000 per ton. 17 Due to an unanticipated surge in EV sales over the past few years, the worldwide graphite sector has seen constantly rising demand and limited supply. The market for graphite was estimated to be worth USD 14.3 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow to USD 21.6 billion by 2027, based on a recent analysis by Allied Market Research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid

Sahu

Devi

2023

RSC Adv.

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Regenerating spent graphite from scrapped lithium-ion battery by high-temperature treatment

Cited by 64 publications

References 35 publications

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling─Influence of Recycling Processes on Component Liberation and Flotation Separation Efficiency

Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid

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