Regeneration and post-metamorphic development of the central nervous system in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis : a study with monoclonal antibodies

Closing the wounds: One hundred and twenty five years of regenerative biology in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis

“…GnRN-expressing neurons are enriched in the posterior cortex of the original ganglion and reappear in a similar position during regeneration (Bollner et al, 1997). Finally, cortical cells immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies also reappear in their original positions in the regenerated brain (Bollner et al, 1995). In contrast to the above, however, two of the neuron markers originally present in the brain, NKA-and insulin-expressing cells, were not detected anywhere in the NC during the entire period of regeneration (Bollner et al, 1995).…”

“…Finally, cortical cells immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies also reappear in their original positions in the regenerated brain (Bollner et al, 1995). In contrast to the above, however, two of the neuron markers originally present in the brain, NKA-and insulin-expressing cells, were not detected anywhere in the NC during the entire period of regeneration (Bollner et al, 1995). Although this result could have a trivial basis, such as a delay in the reappearance of these particular markers until after the period in which the regenerating brains were studied, it could also mean that regeneration is not complete at the cellular level.…”

“…The adult Ciona brain is formed from the anterior portion of the neural plate and larval CNS during postmetamorphic development (Horie et al, 2011;Manni et al, 2005) but its origin is less clear during regeneration in which there is no pre-existing neural rudiment. Nevertheless, the sequence in which neuronal cells reappear during regeneration is similar if not identical to post-metamorphic development (Bollner et al, 1993(Bollner et al, , 1995(Bollner et al, , 1997. Thus, NC regeneration appears to mimic ontogeny with regard to neurogenesis.…”

“…The neuronal cells express substance P (SP), cholecystokinin (CCK)-gastrin, neurokinin A (NKA), insulin, GABA, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which have been used as markers for neurons with distinct localizations in the ganglion. In a series of studies, Bollner et al (1992Bollner et al ( , 1993Bollner et al ( , 1995Bollner et al ( , 1997 compared the neuronal cells expressing these hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as a panel of monoclonal antibodies, in normal and regenerating brains. SP and CCK-gastrin-producing cells are localized primarily in the anterior and posterior parts or the central portion of the ganglion, respectively (Bollner et al, 1992).…”

Regeneration neurohormones and growth factors in echinoderms

“…Coelenterates (Schaller et al 1989(Schaller et al , 1996Bosch 1998;Grimmelikhuizen et al 1992), planarians (Brøndsted 1969;Kurabuchi and Kishida 1988;Baguña1998), annelids (Chandebois 1976;Chapron 1973;Chapron and Chapron 1976;Coulon and Thouveny 1984;Boilly and Boilly-Marer 1995;Moffett 1996), molluscs (Chetail 1963;Féral 1978aFéral , 1978bGhirardi et al 1996;Sonetti et al 1999), arthropods (O'Farrell andStock 1953;Needham 1965;Bullière et al 1976;Truby 1985), and, possibly, protochordates (Bollner et al 1995), all provide fascinating examples of putative neurotrophic regulation of regeneration. A number of authors have highlighted the primary role of certain neurotransmitters, monoamines, in invertebrate regeneration, and the involvement of these molecules has also been explored in echinoderms (Huet 1975;Franquinet 1979;Franquinet and Catania 1979;Franquinet and Le Moigne 1979;Huet and Franquinet 1981;Candia Carnevali et al 1989, 1996.…”