“…7 Besides that, autoimmune diseases may also contribute to this type of kidney failure, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, when autoimmune antibodies attack body tissues, and vasculitis, when the immune system attacks and causes detrition of blood vessels. 8 Current diagnosis of AKI is based on the drop in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) value, and the elevation of serum creatinine (sCr) level, and urine output. These criteria classify AKI, as laid out in RIFLE staging, or risk-injury-failure-loss-ESRD, by assessing the GFR post-injury.…”