“…While some of these schemes were designed for EONs with static traffic [2,6,8], many others were designed to reduce traffic blocking under dynamic traffic environments [36][37][38][39][40]. The use of regenerators and traffic grooming was also explored in many studies [9,14,33,37,38,41]. The results of these studies indicate that spectral efficiency has a direct impact on throughput, power consumption, and cost [9,41].…”