Regime Changes in Global Sea Surface Salinity Trend

Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L.; Smith, Keston W.; Kalra, Tarandeep S.

doi:10.3390/jmse5040057

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Since AR5, new and extended multi-decadal analyses have strengthened the observational support for increased contrast between high and low near-surface salinity regions and inter-basin contrast since the mid-20th century (Section 9.2.2.2; Durack and Wijffels, 2010;Good et al, 2013;Skliris et al, 2014;Aretxabaleta et al, 2017;Cheng et al, 2020). These analyses employ different statistical algorithms for interpolation, and only 1.3.5 and 8.3.1.1).…”

Section: Ocean Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These analyses employ different statistical algorithms for interpolation, and only 1.3.5 and 8.3.1.1). However, this assessment is complicated by changing observational techniques (Section 1.5.1), temporally and spatially inhomogeneous sampling and uncertainties in interpolation algorithms and the substantial influence of modes of natural variabiltity and ocean circulation processes over interannual timescales (Skliris et al, 2014;Durack, 2015;Grist et al, 2016;Aretxabaleta et al, 2017;Vinogradova and Ponte, 2017;Liu et al, 2020). Following AR5, based on the updated analysis from Durack and Wijffels (2010) which infills in situ gaps to recover large-scale patterns the mean salinity contrast between high-and low-near-surface salinity regions increased by 0.14 [0.07 to 0.20] from 1950 to 2019.…”

Section: Ocean Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changing State of the Climate System

2023

Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

120

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Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate indicators and principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and detection/attribution, and Chapter 4 covers projections for a subset of these same indicators and modes of variability. Collectively, these chapters provide the basis for later chapters, which focus upon processes and regional changes. Within Chapter 2, changes are assessed from in situ and remotely sensed data and products and from indirect evidence of longer-term changes based upon a diverse range of climate proxies. The timeevolving availability of observations and proxy information dictate the periods that can be assessed. Wherever possible, recent changes are assessed for their significance in a longer-term context, including target proxy periods, both in terms of mean state and rates of change.The increase in GMST since the mid-19th century was preceded by a slow decrease that began in the mid-Holocene (around 6500 years ago) (medium confidence). {2.3.1.1, Cross-Chapter Box 2.1} Changes in GMST and global surface air temperature (GSAT) over time differ by at most 10% in either direction (high confidence), and the long-term changes in GMST and GSAT are presently assessed to be identical. There is expanded uncertainty in GSAT estimates, with the assessed change from 1850-1900 to 1995-2014 being 0.85 [0.67 to 0.98] °C. {Cross-Chapter Box 2.3} The troposphere has warmed since at least the 1950s, and it is virtually certain that the stratosphere has cooled. In the Tropics, the upper troposphere has warmed faster than the near-surface since at least 2001, the period over which new observational techniques permit more robust quantification (medium confidence). It is virtually certain that the tropopause height has risen globally over 1980-2018, but there is low confidence in the magnitude. {2.3.1.2} Changes in several components of the global hydrological cycle provide evidence for overall strengthening since at least 1980 (high confidence). However, there is low confidence in comparing recent changes with past variations due to limitations in paleoclimate records at continental and global scales. Global land precipitation has likely increased since 1950, with a faster increase since the 1980s (medium confidence). Nearsurface specific humidity has increased over both land (very likely) and the oceans (likely) since at least the 1970s. Relative humidity has very likely decreased over land areas since 2000. Global total column water vapour content has very likely increased during the satellite era. Observational uncertainty leads to low confidence in global trends in precipitation minus evaporation and river runoff. {2.3.1.3} Several aspects of the large-scale atmospheric circulation have likely changed since the mid-20th century, but limited proxy evidence yields low confidence in how these changes compare to longer-term climate. The Hadley circulation has likely widened since at least the 1980s, and extratropical storm tracks have likely shi...

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Section: Ocean Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocean Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing State of the Climate System

2023

Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

120

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“…Differences in osmotic pressure impede marine–freshwater transitions, and as a consequence, transitions are generally rare, occur on longer evolutionary timescales [ 2 , 3 ], and have led to repeated bursts of diversification in freshwater environments [ 4 ]. Identifying the processes underlying marine–freshwater habitat transitions is fundamental to our understanding of lineage diversification and habitat structuring on evolutionary timescales [ 5 ], as well as short-term adaptive potential to climate change as melting ice caps, altered precipitation patterns, and changes in oceanic currents result in freshening of large regions and local changes in the seasonal or annual cycling of salinity regimes [ 6 , 7 ]. Permanent establishment of ancestrally marine organisms in freshwaters depends on the ability of individual colonists to survive the initial hypoosmotic stress, acclimate to low salinity, and ultimately adapt to their new environment [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-specific transcriptional responses overshadow salinity effects in a marine diatom sampled along the Baltic Sea salinity cline

et al. 2022

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The salinity gradient separating marine and freshwater environments represents a major ecological divide for microbiota, yet the mechanisms by which marine microbes have adapted to and ultimately diversified in freshwater environments are poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of a natural evolutionary experiment: the colonization of the brackish Baltic Sea by the ancestrally marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi. To understand how diatoms respond to low salinity, we characterized transcriptomic responses of acclimated S. marinoi grown in a common garden. Our experiment included eight strains from source populations spanning the Baltic Sea salinity cline. Gene expression analysis revealed that low salinities induced changes in the cellular metabolism of S. marinoi, including upregulation of photosynthesis and storage compound biosynthesis, increased nutrient demand, and a complex response to oxidative stress. However, the strain effect overshadowed the salinity effect, as strains differed significantly in their response, both regarding the strength and the strategy (direction of gene expression) of their response. The high degree of intraspecific variation in gene expression observed here highlights an important but often overlooked source of biological variation associated with how diatoms respond to environmental change.

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“…A multidecadal study on linear trends of global ocean salinity patterns (Durack and Wijffels, 2010) reported surface salinity increases in all oceans, especially at evaporation-dominated subtropical gyres. A more recent study (Aretxabaleta et al, 2017), also reports salinification of the Atlantic Ocean consistent with CC-induced changes in global hydrological cycle. Future SLR-scenarios for estuaries around the world include increases in estuarine salinity, estuarine water residence time, tide range, stratification, and tidal prism volume (Costa et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Potential challenges for the restoration of Biscayne Bay (Florida, USA) in the face of climate change effects revealed with predictive models

Alarcon,

Linhoss,

Kelble

et al. 2024

Ocean & Coastal Management

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Regime Changes in Global Sea Surface Salinity Trend

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Changing State of the Climate System

Changing State of the Climate System

Strain-specific transcriptional responses overshadow salinity effects in a marine diatom sampled along the Baltic Sea salinity cline

Potential challenges for the restoration of Biscayne Bay (Florida, USA) in the face of climate change effects revealed with predictive models

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