This work reports
new kinds of monomeric peroxoniobate anion functionalized
ionic liquids (ILs) designated as [A+][NbO(O-O)(OH)2] (A+ = tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium,
or tetrahexylammonium cation), which have been prepared and characterized
by elemental analysis, HRMS, NMR, IR, TGA, etc. With hydrogen peroxide
as an oxidant, these ILs exhibited excellent catalytic activity and
recyclability in the epoxidation of various allylic alcohols under
solvent-free and ice bath conditions. Interestingly, subsequent activity
tests and catalyst characterization together with first-principles
calculations indicated that the parent [NbO(O-O)(OH)2]− anion has been oxidized into the anion [Nb(O-O)2(OOH)2]− in the presence of H2O2, which constitutes the real catalytically active
species during the reaction; this anion has higher activity in comparison
to the analogous peroxotungstate anion. Moreover, the epoxidation
process of the substrate (allylic alcohol) catalyzed by [Nb(O-O)2(OOH)2]− was explored at the
atomic level by virtue of DFT (density functional theory) calculations,
identifying that it is more favorable to occur through a hydrogen
bond mechanism, in which the peroxo group of [Nb(O-O)2(OOH)2]− serves as the adsorption site to anchor
the substrate OH group by forming a hydrogen bond, while OOH as the
active oxygen species attacks the CC bond in substrates to
produce the corresponding epoxide. This is the first example of the
highly efficient epoxidation of allylic alcohols using a peroxoniobate
anion as a catalyst.