Region X, the cell‐wall‐attachment part of staphylococcal protein A

Guss, Bengt; Uhlén, Mathias; Nilsson, Björn; Lindberg, Martin; Sjöquist, John; Sjödahl, Jörgen

doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb07931.x

Cited by 156 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This locus contains a complex repeat structure that is thought to rapidly evolve through slipped-strand mispairing and recombination (5)(6)(7). Additionally, the spa extracellular domains are subject to immune surveillance, which is expected to increase its speed of evolution.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of the spa Repeat Region of Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2008

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BACKGROUND:The staphylococcal protein A (spa) locus of Staphylococcus aureus contains a complex repeat structure and is commonly used for single-locus sequencebased genotyping. The real-time PCR platform supports genotyping methods that are single step and closed tube and potentially can be carried out simultaneously with diagnosis. We describe here a method for genotyping S. aureus using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of the spa polymorphic region X.

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confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of the spa Repeat Region of Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2008

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“…The C-terminal region of staphylocoagulase is composed of 27-amino-acid repeats (7,8). Manyextracellular staphylococcal proteins have repeated sequences (1,3,17). The repeated units of staphylocoagulase are not necessary for thrombin binding or plasma clotting, but the variable region may be an antigenic determinant (epitope).…”

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confidence: 99%

Relatedness between the Coagulase Gene 3′‐End Region and Coagulase Serotypes among Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Kanemitsu

Yamamoto

Takemura

et al. 2001

Microbiology and Immunology

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Abstract:The 3'-end region of the coagulase gene from 22 strains of Staphylococcus aureus including 10 standard serotype strains was sequenced, and five suhgroups with 4-8 tandem repeating units were distinguished among the tested strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3'-end region of the coagulase gene indicated that strains belonging to the same serotype were clustered in the same branch. A phylogenetic tree of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the C-terminal region might not be responsible for the epitope of the coagulase protein.

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“…For efficient anchoring to the cell wall, the vector also contains the cell wall-anchoring region of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA). This consists of X, a charged repetitive region postulated to interact with the peptidoglycan cell wall (17), and M, a region common to many gram-positive cell surface-bound proteins that is required for cell surface anchoring (29,45). MЈ represents the processed and covalently anchored form of the M sequence of S. aureus protein A (29,45).…”

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confidence: 99%

Generation of Metal-Binding Staphylococci through Surface Display of Combinatorially Engineered Cellulose-Binding Domains

Wernérus

Lehtiö

Teeri

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Ni2؉ -binding staphylococci were generated through surface display of combinatorially engineered variants of a fungal cellulose-binding domain (CBD) from Trichoderma reesei cellulase Cel7A. Novel CBD variants were generated by combinatorial protein engineering through the randomization of 11 amino acid positions, and eight potentially Ni 2؉ -binding CBDs were selected by phage display technology. These new variants were subsequently genetically introduced into chimeric surface proteins for surface display on Staphylococcus carnosus cells. The expressed chimeric proteins were shown to be properly targeted to the cell wall of S. carnosus cells, since full-length proteins could be extracted and affinity purified. Surface accessibility for the chimeric proteins was demonstrated, and furthermore, the engineered CBDs, now devoid of cellulose-binding capacity, were shown to be functional with regard to metal binding, since the recombinant staphylococci had gained Ni 2؉ -binding capacity. Potential environmental applications for such tailor-made metal-binding bacteria as bioadsorbents in biofilters or biosensors are discussed.Bacterial surface display of heterologous proteins has in recent years become an increasingly active research area with a wide range of applications in immunology, vaccinology, and biotechnology (11, 49). An interesting application area is the display of metal-binding proteins on bacteria to create wholecell tools for improved sequestration of toxic metals in wastewater (3), a field in which naturally occurring bacteria have been evaluated previously (10, 31). The heterologous expression of peptides and proteins with inherent metal-binding capacity have been employed to create bacteria with improved metalloadsorption properties (39), and surface display has been used as an attractive strategy in this context (22,38,47,51).Short metal-binding peptides, such as hexahistidyl peptides, have been introduced into bacterial surface proteins in order to create bacteria with improved metal-binding capacity (21,46). Using this strategy, both Escherichia coli (46) and Staphylococcus carnosus (43) strains with increased ability to bind Ni 2ϩ and Cd 2ϩ ions have been generated. The introduction of combinatorial protein engineering has also made it possible to select peptides, from large peptide libraries with increased selectivity for certain metals (4,30,37,44), and such peptides might become interesting for surface display applications (44).Gram-positive surface display systems have been suggested to exhibit some advantages compared to gram-negative bacteria (28, 49): (i) the translocation involves only a single membrane, and (ii) gram-positive bacteria have been shown to be more rigid and thus less sensitive to shear forces (19, 36) due to the thick cell wall surrounding the cells, and thus potentially more suitable for field applications such as bioadsorption. For metal adsorption applications, gram-positive bacteria have the additional advantage of having inherent metal-binding capacity due to the thick pe...

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Region X, the cell‐wall‐attachment part of staphylococcal protein A

Cited by 156 publications

References 30 publications

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of the spa Repeat Region of Staphylococcus aureus

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of the spa Repeat Region of Staphylococcus aureus

Relatedness between the Coagulase Gene 3′‐End Region and Coagulase Serotypes among Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Generation of Metal-Binding Staphylococci through Surface Display of Combinatorially Engineered Cellulose-Binding Domains

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