Regional and Racial Inequality in Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1900–1948

Feigenbaum, James J.; Muller, Christopher; Wrigley-Field, Elizabeth

doi:10.1007/s13524-019-00789-z

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These studies focused on regional differences, or changes in health levels, and found significant associations between regional differences in health levels, particularly in regional mortality. Many studies have shown that socio-economic factors, rather than natural environment, play an important role in contributing to regional differences in mortality (6,8,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Their findings empirically proved the influence of medical resource on individual health level.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Most of the research on mortality has focused on specific diseases, natural climates, and crises (2)(3)(4). Some studies of mortality focused on the categories of death on the basis of the analysis of the existing materials of the cause of death (5)(6)(7)(8). However, studies on the impact of socio-economic factors and regional characteristics on mortality have been emerging (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their findings suggest that increased medical resources actually do significantly reduce mortality, and thus have a positive impact on health levels. Studies have also examined the effects of macroeconomic variables, such as regional unemployment and income levels, on health and mortality levels (8,9,20).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional Disparity of Medical Resources and Its Effect on Mortality Rates in China

Chai

Zhang

Chang

2020

Front. Public Health

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The purpose of this study was twofold. First, to empirically study the effects that medical resources (i.e., hospital, doctors, beds) have on the mortality rate in China. Second, to divide China into east, middle, and west regions, and empirically study the regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on mortality rates in China. Methodology and Data: This study utilized a panel data regression model to explore the effect medical resources have on the age-standardized mortality rate in China. The data came from the 2003-2017 China Statistical Yearbook compiled by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Results: Nationwide, hospitals, doctors, and beds had a significant negative correlation with the mortality rate. In the western region, hospitals, beds, and doctors had a significant negative correlation with the mortality rate. In China's middle and eastern regions, hospitals, beds, and doctors had no significant effect on the mortality rate. In China, increased hospitals, doctors, and beds significantly reduced the mortality rate. The distribution of medical resources in eastern, middle, and western China was unequal. More hospitals, beds, and doctors in the less developed western regions can more effectively alleviate the local mortality rate. In the middle and east regions, hospitals, beds, and doctors had no significant impact on the local mortality rate. Conclusion: First, China's overall medical resources are still inadequate and improving medical resources throughout the country could reduce the mortality rate. Second, due to the imbalanced distribution of medical resources in China, the Chinese government should implement more supportive policies for medical resources in the western region. At the same time, we should also actively develop the western region by improving local per capita GDP and reducing unemployment, so as to fundamentally reduce the local mortality rate.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional Disparity of Medical Resources and Its Effect on Mortality Rates in China

Chai

Zhang

Chang

2020

Front. Public Health

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“…Previous work suggested that higher UVB doses were associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations, leading to reductions in the cytokine storm and the killing of bacteria and viruses that participate in pneumonia. African Americans had much higher mortality rates than white Americans for the period 1900-1948 [122]. The reasons CFRs were higher for "coloreds" than whites may include that they have higher rates of chronic diseases, are more likely to live in regions impacted by air pollution, and that with darker skin pigmentation, blacks have lower 25(OH)D concentrations.…”

Section: Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D 3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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“…Previous work suggested that higher UVB doses were associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations, leading to reductions in the cytokine storm and killing of bacteria and viruses that participate in pneumonia. African Americans had much higher mortality rates than white Americans for the period 1900-1948 [122]. The reasons CFRs were higher for blacks than whites may include that they have higher rates of chronic diseases, are more likely to live in regions impacted by air pollution, and that with darker skin pigmentation, blacks have lower 25(OH)D concentrations.…”

Section: Rsvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Grant

Lahore

McDonnell

et al. 2020

Preprint

581

595

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The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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Regional and Racial Inequality in Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1900–1948

Cited by 43 publications

References 47 publications

Regional Disparity of Medical Resources and Its Effect on Mortality Rates in China

Regional Disparity of Medical Resources and Its Effect on Mortality Rates in China

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

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