“…Given their known structural abnormalities of the brainstem, central respiratory control problems, airway hypotonia and swallow dysfunction, they should be considered high risk for anesthesia. In at least 20 individuals reported in the literature, apnea is a common complication, sometimes requiring airway intervention such as intubation or mask airway (Atalay, Soylu, & Tekcan, ; Bhaskar et al, ; Buntenbroich & Dullenkopf, , ; Galante, Meola, Cinnella, & Dambrosio, ; Habre, Sims, & D'Souza, ; Matthews, ; Platis et al, ; Sriganesh et al, ; Sriganesh, Smita, & Aravind, ; Vodopich & Gordon, ). Some authors suggest avoiding sedatives known to be associated with central respiratory depression, and avoiding unnecessary conscious sedation for brief, uncomplicated procedures such as MRI when possible; however, insufficient evidence exists to provide specific guidelines for individuals with JS.…”