Regional cerebral blood flow during the wisconsin card sorting test in normal subjects studied by xenon-133 dynamic SPECT: Comparison of absolute values, percent distribution values and covariance analysis

Assessment of cognitive development in adolescents by means of neuropsychological tasks

“…Examination of regional cerebral blood flow by single photon emission computed tomography and PET shows activation of the frontal cortex region during performance of theWCST Daniel et al, 1991;Marenco, Coppola, Daniel, Zigun, & Weinberger, 1993;Rezai et al, 1993;Rubin et al, 1991) and the Stroop test (Bench et al, 1993). These studies provide independent confirmation that the tasks selected for assessment of frontal lobe function in this study do depend on the function of the frontal lobes.…”

Specificity of Conditional Associative-Learning Deficits in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Non-OCD Anxiety Disorders

“…This has been especially shown under conditions of mental load (Catafau et al, 1998;Marenco, Coppola, Daniel, Zigun, & Wienberger, 1993;Tien, Schlaepfer, Orr, & Pearlson, 1998). In a minority of studies signi®cant decreases within these brain areas were found (Crespo-Facorro et al, 1999;Edmonstone et al, 1994;Lucey et al, 1995;Martinot et al, 1990). If OCD patients visualized their respective threatening stimuli heightened metabolic rates in the left orbitofrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus and the thalamus were shown (Rauch et al, 1994).…”

“…But unfortunately, most of the research has compared OCD patients with normal controls. These results indicated de®cits in functions which are either mediated by the right hemisphere (Aronowitz et al, 1994;Boone, Ananth, Philpott, Kaur, & Djenderedijan, 1991;Christensen, Kim, Dysken, & Hoover, 1992;Insel, Donnelly, Lalakea, Alterman, & Murphy, 1983;Okasha et al, 2000;Rapoport et al, 1981;Savage et al, 1996;Tallis, Pratt, & Jamani, 1999;Zielinski, Taylor, & Juzwin, 1991) or by frontal-striatal circuits and their related circuits to the basal ganglia (Abbruzzese, Bellode, Ferri, & Scarone, 1993;Abbruzzese, Ferri, & Scarone, 1995;Alarcon, Libb, & Boll, 1994, for review;Baxter, 1990Baxter, , 1991Baxter et al, 1987Baxter et al, , 1988Baxter et al, , 1992Baxter et al, , 1996Breiter et al, 1996;Flor-Henry, Yeudall, Koles, & Howarth, 1979;Head, Bolton, & Hymas, 1989;Hollander, DeCaria, & Liebowitz, 1989;Hymas, Lees, Bolton, Epps, & Head, 1991;Lucey et al, 1997;Martinot et al, 1990;McGuire et al, 1994;Nordahl et al, 1989;Okasha et al, 2000;Savage et al, 1996;Sawle, Hymas, Lees, & Frackowiak, 1991;Saxena, Brody, Schwartz, & Baxter, 1998, for review;Swedo et al, 1989;Weilburg et al, 1989). This has been especially shown under conditions of mental load …”

“…The latter regions, but not the OFC, were seen to be responsive to drug treatment (Hoehn-Saric, Pearlson, Harris, Machlin, & Camargo, 1991). Furthermore, evidence suggests that the DLPFC shows inferior activity in OCD patients (Martinot et al, 1990) and that increased activity is seen in the more lateral (McGuire et al, 1994) and anterior OFC (Rauch et al, 1994) of the right side.…”

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

“…A number of non-frontal brain regions are activated by the WCST, including the inferior parietal cortex (Berman et al, 1995;Nagahama et al, 1997;Nagahama et al, 1996;Tien et al, 1998), basal ganglia (Mentzel et al, 1998), temporo-parietal association cortex (Konishi et al, 1998), and occipito-temporal, temporal pole, and occipital cortices (Marenco et al, 1993;Nagahama et al, 1996;Ragland et al, 1998). These results are consistent with lesion studies reporting no significant differences between frontal groups and non-frontal, diffuse, or basal ganglia comparison groups (Anderson et al, 1991;Axelrod et al, 1996;Crockett et al, 1986;Eslinger and Grattan, 1993;Grafman et al, 1990;Heaton, 1981;Heaton et al, 1993; Note.…”