Regional differences in rate of oxidations in the chick blastoderm as shown by susceptibility to hydrocyanic acid

Buchanan, J. William

doi:10.1002/jez.1400450105

J. Exp. Zool.

1926

DOI: 10.1002/jez.1400450105

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Regional differences in rate of oxidations in the chick blastoderm as shown by susceptibility to hydrocyanic acid

J. William Buchanan

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1927

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Cited by 6 publications

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“…For this and other reasons it was of particular interest to examine the effects of potassium cyanide upon the respiration of the chick blastoderm, in order to determine what degree of inhibition is produced by a given concentration of the poison. The only previous work on cyanide in relation to the avian blastoderm is that of Buchanan (1926), who, however, confined his investigations to the description of the morphological anomalies resulting from poisoning with HCN.…”

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confidence: 99%

A manometric analysis of the metabolism in avian ontogenesis―II. The effects of fluoride, Iodoacetate, and other reagents on the respiration of blastoderm, embryo, and yolk-sac

Needham

1932

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

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The study of cell-respiration by means of agents with a known action upon some one part of the cellular mechanisms has in recent years been much pursued, and it has to some extent been possible to make a differential attack upon the various co-operating processes which are so efficiently integrated in the intact cell. These methods suffer, it is true, from the disadvantage that the addition of an ion such as fluoride to the cell-interior may not merely inhibit a certain reaction which normally goes on there, but may also bring into being a number of distinctively pathological reactions which have no place in the normal cell. It is not surprising, therefore, that the results of experiments on cell-respiration are difficult to interpret. But difficulties of interpretation are no ground for failing to make use of any methods. which are available, and the possibility of complicated secondary effects is, after all, common to all biological methods in which the normal course of events within the organism is interfered with. Up to the present time, the study of the effect of agents such as fluoride, cyanide, iodoacetic acid, triphenylmethane dyes, sulphides, pyrophosphates, etc., has been confined to the cells of adult tissues ( cf . Dixon, 1929; wurmser, 1930) or to bacteria ( e. g ., Haldane, Cook and Mapson, 1931). But it would obviously be of much interest to observe their effects upon cells of early embryonic stages for we might hope in this way to discover something of the way in which the chemical machinery of the cell is laid down. To what extent, for instance, do the cells of a somite in a two-day old chick embryo resemble adult muscle cells in their reactions to the glycolysis-inhibiting action of iodoacetic acid ? Moreover, a good deal of evidence exists that embryos in the earlier stages of development combust carbohydrate molecules exclusively, and that later on the combustion of protein and fat sets in. What will happen then, to the metabolism of embryonic cells in the carbohydrate stage if their glycolysing power is artificially inhibited? Is the power of deaminating and combusting amino-acids already present and not used, or has it not yet developed ? In the former case the respiratory quotient should betray a change over to protein combustion; in the latter case the cells should cease to respire altogether. It was to answer questions such as these that the work described in the present paper was undertaken.

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confidence: 99%

A manometric analysis of the metabolism in avian ontogenesis―II. The effects of fluoride, Iodoacetate, and other reagents on the respiration of blastoderm, embryo, and yolk-sac

Needham

1932

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

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Modification of development on the basis of differential susceptibility to radiation. IV. Chick embryos and ultraviolet radiation

Hinrichs

1927

J. Exp. Zool.

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FORTY-FIVE FIGURESChick embryos have long been favorite subjects for the study of experimental teratology, yet anyone who has worked extensively with them can testify to the high degree of individual variability of the eggs and to the hazards attending the long dcvelopmental period under artificial conditions of incubation. When, however, large numbers of eggs are used (about seventy dozen in series B of these experiments) and development is allowed to proceed only to the second or third day, the percentage of normal embryos in the control series is found to be somewhat higher than is ordinarily to be expected.Previous experimenters have used various physical and chemical agents before, and during a part or the whole, of the incubation period. The injection of chemicals, bacteria, and the infected blood of animals under the shell, the subjection of the developing embryo to anesthetics, cyanides, noxious gases, decreased oxygen tension, or to x-ray and radium radiations, to changes in temperature, and to mechanical, electrical, and magnetic influences, all indicate that it is relatively easy to interfere with, or even completely inhibit, Brain and eye defects, katadidymy, and modifications of the developing somite region are frequently described as results of such experimental procedure. Dareste ( '91) and Stockard ( '21) attribute such abnormalities to 'developmental arrests' at 'critical periods' in development. While it is true that developmental modifications of particular organs or regions of the body can to some extent be controlled and can most easily be brought about when exposures to noxious agents or.conditions are made at a definite period of development prior to the time of normal appearance of that organ (Stockard, '21, and Hinrichs, '25), it is also true that the same modifications appear following exposures at a much earlier period of development, e.g., before fertilization, or before incubation, as in some of the experiments about to be described.Ultraviolet radiation, with its rapid, clean-cut action, is a very effective medium €or the production of abnormalities, since the time of its action can be more simply controlled than can that of most chemicals, although a latent period and some degree of 'hang-over' do appear.The results reported in this paper and in previous studies with radiation seem to indicate that, in general, the later an organ appears in development, the longer is its 'critical period,' that is, the greater the period during which it is possible to modify its development. While it is possible in some forms, for example, Arbacia (Hinrichs, '26 a, '26 b) and Fundulus (Hinrichs, 'as), to produce the same types of abnormality by exposures to radiation before f ertilizatioii as at various intervals after fertilization, the largest percentages of abnormalities in the development of a given region are produced when exposures are made during a period of maximum activity of that region. Such a period of See L. H. IIyman ('27 a ) for a critical review of the literature on experiniental ...

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A genetic study of paramecium caudatum in pure lines through an interval of experimentally induced monster formation

Garis

1927

J. Exp. Zool.

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Regional differences in rate of oxidations in the chick blastoderm as shown by susceptibility to hydrocyanic acid

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

A manometric analysis of the metabolism in avian ontogenesis―II. The effects of fluoride, Iodoacetate, and other reagents on the respiration of blastoderm, embryo, and yolk-sac

A manometric analysis of the metabolism in avian ontogenesis―II. The effects of fluoride, Iodoacetate, and other reagents on the respiration of blastoderm, embryo, and yolk-sac

Modification of development on the basis of differential susceptibility to radiation. IV. Chick embryos and ultraviolet radiation

A genetic study of paramecium caudatum in pure lines through an interval of experimentally induced monster formation

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