Regional disparities related to cardiovascular diseases and diet quality in Korean adults: based on the 2013–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Koreans, and eating habits, including diet quality, are among the etiologies of these diseases. Recently, various studies on regional health disparities have been conducted. However, there are limited studies on their relationship with nutritional factors. This study aimed to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet quality and prevalence of CVD in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study included 17,646 participants aged ≥ 20 years from the 7 th (2013–2016) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified into four groups based on their residential areas: City 1, City 2, City 3, and non-city. Demographic characteristics, health-related factors, body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome index, diet quality, and CVD prevalence were evaluated. RESULTS In terms of demographic characteristics, age ( P < 0.001), marital status ( P < 0.001), educational level ( P < 0.001), and income ( P < 0.001) were lower in the non-city category. Health-related factors such as monthly drinking rate ( P < 0.01) and mental stress ( P < 0.05) were the highest in City 1 and lowest in the non-city group. Conversely, the current smoking rate ( P < 0.05), BMI ( P < 0.05), and prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( P < 0.001) were the highest in the non-city group ( P < 0.05). The non-city group also had the highest prevalence of CVDs (35.6%). This group had the lowest diet quality index (68.36 ± 0.22, P < 0.01), caused by low intake of fruit and calcium, a lack of sodium moderation, and an overall imbalance in the macronutrient and fatty acid ratio. When the diet quality index was increased by 1, the odds ratio for the prevalence of CVDs was reduced by 0.991 ( P < 0.001), but this was not the case in all regions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful information and data in identifying and resolving the regional health disparities related to CVD prevalence and implementation of public health nutrition systems.