Cocaine craving in human addicts can be elicited by three major factors: environmental cues associated with drug taking, a stressful life-event or re-exposure to cocaine [26]. Drug craving is modeled in rodents and non-human primates using the reinstatement model of cocaine seeking [13,19,39]. The nucleus accumbens plays a major role in mediating the reinstatement of cocaine seeking [27,36]. The nucleus accumbens receives a major dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala [5,34,43]. The accumbens is composed of two major subregions, the core and the shell, which have differential afferent and efferent anatomical projections [7,20,21,44]. Functionally, the accumbens shell is considered the more limbic subregion, mediating the acute effects of drug reward [8,35]. In contrast, the core is more involved in the compulsivity of drug addiction [16] and the effects of drug-associated cues [14,18,25]. In terms of cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, dopamine receptors play differential roles in the shell versus the core [2][3][4]. For example, infusion of dopamine receptor antagonists into the accumbens shell, but not the core, attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior [2][3][4]. Similarly, dopamine receptor agonists promote the reinstatement of cocaine seeking when microinjected into the shell, but not core [4,37]. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that increased dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell, but not the core, critically mediates the reinstatement of cocaineseeking behavior.The glutamatergic projection from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the nucleus accumbens is one of the key anatomical substrates underlying cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking [27,37]. There are two major classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors: AMPA/kainate and NMDA. While AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens are critically involved in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior [9,10,30,32,40], there is evidence that NMDA receptors may also play a role. For example, systemic administration of MK-801, an NMDA receptor channel blocker, robustly reinstated cocaine seeking, without an increase in nonspecific operant responding [12, but see also 6]. In a subsequent study, it was found that intra-accumbal administration of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP, had no effect on the reinstatement of cocaine seeking when administered either alone or prior Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. to a systemic...