Regional, multi-decadal analysis on the Loire River basin reveals that stream temperature increases faster than air temperature

Abstract

Abstract. Stream temperature appears to be increasing globally, but its rate remains poorly constrained due to a paucity of long-term data and difficulty in parsing effects of hydroclimate and landscape variability. Here, we address these issues using the physically based thermal model T-NET (Temperature-NETwork) coupled with the EROS semi-distributed hydrological model to reconstruct past daily stream temperature and streamflow at the scale of the entire Loire River basin in France (105 km2 with 52 278 reaches). Stream temperature increased for almost all reaches in all seasons (mean =+0.38 ∘C decade−1) over the 1963–2019 period. Increases were greatest in spring and summer, with a median increase of + 0.38 ∘C (range =+0.11 to +0.76 ∘C) and +0.44 ∘C (+0.08 to +1.02 ∘C) per decade, respectively. Rates of stream temperature increases were greater than for air temperature across seasons for the majority of reaches. Spring and summer increases were typically greatest in the southern part of the Loire basin (up to +1 ∘C decade−1) and in the largest rivers (Strahler order ≥5). Importantly, air temperature and streamflow could exert a joint influence on stream temperature trends, where the greatest stream temperature increases were accompanied by similar trends in air temperature (up to +0.71 ∘C decade−1) and the greatest decreases in streamflow (up to −16 % decade−1). Indeed, for the majority of reaches, positive stream temperature anomalies exhibited synchrony with positive anomalies in air temperature and negative anomalies in streamflow, highlighting the dual control exerted by these hydroclimatic drivers. Moreover, spring and summer stream temperature, air temperature, and streamflow time series exhibited common change points occurring in the late 1980s, suggesting a temporal coherence between changes in the hydroclimatic drivers and a rapid stream temperature response. Critically, riparian vegetation shading mitigated stream temperature increases by up to 0.16 ∘C decade−1 in smaller streams (i.e. < 30 km from the source). Our results provide strong support for basin-wide increases in stream temperature due to joint effects of rising air temperature and reduced streamflow. We suggest that some of these climate change-induced effects can be mitigated through the restoration and maintenance of riparian forests.

Direct habitat descriptors improve the understanding of the organization of fish and macroinvertebrate communities across a large catchment

“…Nevertheless, we acknowledge that the T-NET and EROS models, from which the water temperature and discharge data used in this study are derived, do not account for all human-induced alterations of streams, notably physical barriers (e.g. dams, weirs) that are known to alter the hydrological and thermal regimes of rivers [ 77 , 78 ]. Although the Loire basin is acknowledged as one of the last wild river in Europe because of a limited impact of human activities on its hydrological regime, further developments to integrate anthropogenic uses would be interesting [ 33 ].…”

How to assess water quality change in temperate headwater catchments of western Europe under climate change: examples and perspectives

“…For example, reduced water availability induced by climate change is likely to decrease dilution effects during low-flow periods, thereby increasing concentrations of potentially harmful solutes. For example, modifications of soil and water temperature [Ducharne, 2008, Seyedhashemi et al, 2022, soil water content, and drying and wetting cycles of catchments directly modify primary production, respiration, and decomposition, and indirectly modify water quality. In the short term, floods, which are increasing in frequency and extent under climate change [Hirabayashi et al, 2013, Arnell andGosling, 2016], can rapidly bring huge quantities of nutrients, especially in particulate form, which connect areas of the agricultural or urban landscape mosaic to hydrographic networks.…”

Assessing water and energy fluxes in a regional hydrosystem: case study of the Seine basin

“…Many studies have been carried out to determine the effects of climate warming on stream temperature [Moatar and Gailhard, 2006, Ducharne, 2008, Webb et al, 2008, van Vliet et al, 2013, Michel et al, 2020, Seyedhashemi et al, 2022 and aquatic species [Isaak et al, 2020]. Groundwater temperature is influenced by the temperature of the infiltrating wa-ter and by the conduction of heat from the surface domain.…”