“…On the basis of the road network shown in Fig. 1 and Floyd shortest path algorithm [35, 36], the shortest distance between two intersections where a vehicle is successively detected on the road network can be calculated. The travel distance of the vehicle on one day can be estimated by combining the shortest distances between all the intersection pairs where the vehicle is successively detected on the day; (iv) origin–centre distance, which denotes the shortest distance from the most frequent origin intersection of a vehicle to the city centre.…”