Regional Scale Analysis of Climate Extremes in an SRM Geoengineering Simulation, Part 2:Temperature Extremes

Muthyala, Rohi; Bala, Govindasamy; Nalam, Aditya

doi:10.18520/cs/v114/i05/1036-1045

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…A few studies under the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (Kravitz et al, 2011) have analyzed the climate effects that result from simulating SRM in specific ways, including the effects on mean climate, extreme events, and hydrology (Curry et al, 2014;Kravitz et al, 2013;Muthyala et al, 2018aMuthyala et al, , 2018bTilmes et al, 2013). While SRM could potentially reduce global surface temperature it could also reduce global precipitation (Bala et al, 2008;Robock et al, 2008;Tilmes et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Africa's Climate Response to Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosol

Pinto

Jack

Lennard

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Anthropogenic warming is projected to increase the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, whose impacts are already being felt in vulnerable regions in sub‐Saharan Africa. Solar radiation management (SRM) has been proposed as an interim measure to offset warming while emissions are reduced; however, the impact of stratospheric SRM on regional climate extremes have not yet been explored, particularly in the Paris agreement context. We investigate the potential impact of SRM on temperature and rainfall means and extremes over sub‐Saharan Africa using simulations from the Geoengineering Large Ensemble. We found SRM significantly reduces temperature means and extremes; however, the effect on precipitation is not as linear. The results should be interpreted with caution as they are particular to this approach of SRM and this modelling experiment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Africa's Climate Response to Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosol

Pinto

Jack

Lennard

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Some previous studies examined the impact of SRM on climate extremes. For example, under the framework of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) (Kravitz et al, 2013;Visioni & Kravitz et al, 2023), a few studies have explored changes in climate extremes in response to different SRM methods including solar dimming (Curry et al, 2014;Ji et al, 2018;Muthyala et al, 2018aMuthyala et al, , 2018b, SAI (Aswathy et al, 2015;Ji et al, 2018;Wei et al, 2018), and marine cloud brightening (Aswathy et al, 2015;Kim and Shin, 2020). These results showed that these SRM methods can mitigate the changes in climate extremes induced by GHG emissions with various degrees, but different SRM methods would lead to heterogeneous impacts on regional climate extreme events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Strategies of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Would Significantly Affect Climate Extreme Mitigation

Jiang,

Xia,

Cao

et al. 2024

Earth's Future

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Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a potential supplement to mitigate some climate impacts of anthropogenic warming. Using Community Earth System Model ensemble simulation results, we analyze the response of temperature and precipitation extremes to two different SAI strategies: one injects SO2 at the equator to stabilize global mean temperature and the other injects SO2 at multiple locations to stabilize global mean temperature as well as the interhemispheric and equator‐to‐pole temperature gradients. Our analysis shows that in the late 21st century, compared with the present‐day climate, both equatorial and multi‐location injection lead to reduced hot extremes in the tropics, corresponding to overcooling of the mean climate state. In mid‐to‐high latitude regions, in comparison to the present‐day climate, substantial decreases in cold extremes are observed under both equatorial and multi‐location injection, corresponding to residual winter warming of the mean climate state. Both equatorial and multi‐location injection reduce precipitation extremes in the tropics below the present‐day level, associated with the decrease in mean precipitation. Overall, for most regions, temperature and precipitation extremes show reduced change in response to multi‐location injection than to equatorial injection, corresponding to reduced mean climate change for multi‐location injection. In comparison with equatorial injection, in response to multi‐location injection, most land regions experience fewer years with significant change in cold extremes from the present‐day level, and most tropical regions experience fewer years with significant change in hot extremes. The design of SAI strategies to mitigate anthropogenic climate extremes merits further study.

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“…In contrast, when cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) is used to offset CO 2 ‐induced global warming, it usually increases global mean precipitation relative to climate conditions before CO 2 increased (Kristjánsson et al, 2015; Helene Muri et al, 2018, Duan et al, 2018). The induced cooling by radiation modification approaches would also prevent melting of sea ice and snow, and reduce extreme events that would occur otherwise under higher CO 2 levels (Curry et al, 2014; Irvine et al, 2019; Ji et al, 2018; Kravitz, Caldeira, et al, 2013; Moore et al, 2014; Muthyala et al, 2018a, 2018b). To determine the robustness of simulated climate responses to different radiation modification approaches, Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) has been conducted, in which over a dozen climate models simulate the climate responses to radiation modification under the same experimental protocol (Kravitz et al, 2011, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model‐Based Investigation of Terrestrial Plant Carbon Uptake Response to Four Radiation Modification Approaches

et al. 2020

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A number of radiation modification approaches have been proposed to counteract anthropogenic warming by intentionally altering Earth's shortwave or longwave fluxes. While several previous studies have examined the climate effect of different radiation modification approaches, only a few have investigated the carbon cycle response. Our study examines the response of plant carbon uptake to four radiation modification approaches that are used to offset the global mean warming caused by a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 . Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model, we performed simulations that represent four idealized radiation modification options: solar constant reduction, sulfate aerosol increase (SAI), marine cloud brightening, and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT). Relative to the high CO 2 state, all these approaches reduce gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP). In high latitudes, decrease in GPP is mainly due to the reduced plant growing season length, and in low latitudes, decrease in GPP is mainly caused by the enhanced nitrogen limitation due to surface cooling. The simulated GPP for sunlit leaves decreases for all approaches. Decrease in sunlit GPP is the largest for SAI which substantially decreases direct sunlight, and the smallest for CCT, which increases direct sunlight that reaches the land surface. GPP for shaded leaves increases in SAI associated with a substantial increase in surface diffuse sunlight, and decreases in all other cases. The combined effects of CO 2 increase and radiation modification result in increases in primary production, indicating the dominant role of the CO 2 fertilization effect on plant carbon uptake.Plain Language Summary A number of radiation modification approaches have been proposed to intentionally alter Earth's radiation balance to counteract anthropogenic warming. However, only a few studies have analyzed the potential impact of these approaches on the terrestrial plant carbon cycle. Here, we simulate four idealized radiation modification approaches, which include direct reduction of incoming solar radiation, increase in stratospheric sulfate aerosols concentration, enhancement of marine low cloud albedo, and decrease in high-level cirrus cloud cover, and analyze changes in plant photosynthesis and respiration. The first three approaches cool the earth by reducing incoming solar radiation, and the last approach allows more outgoing thermal radiation. These approaches are designed to offset the global mean warming caused by doubled atmospheric CO 2 . Compared to the high CO 2 world, all approaches will limit plant growth due to induced surface cooling in high latitudes and will lead to reduced nitrogen supply in low latitudes, leading to an overall reduction in the plant carbon uptake over land. Different approaches also produce different changes in surface direct and diffuse sunlight, which has important implications for plant photosynthesis. Relative to the unperturbed climate, the combined effects of enhanced CO...

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Regional Scale Analysis of Climate Extremes in an SRM Geoengineering Simulation, Part 2:Temperature Extremes

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Africa's Climate Response to Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosol

Africa's Climate Response to Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosol

Different Strategies of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Would Significantly Affect Climate Extreme Mitigation

A Model‐Based Investigation of Terrestrial Plant Carbon Uptake Response to Four Radiation Modification Approaches

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