Regional Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States: Results from the TRUST Surveillance Program, 1999–2000

Abstract

The ongoing TRUST (Tracking Resistance in the United States Today) study, which began monitoring antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in 1996, routinely tracks resistance at national and regional levels. The 1999-2000 TRUST study analyzed 9499 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1934 Haemophilus influenzae, and 1108 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates that were prospectively collected from 239 laboratories across the 9 US Bureau of the Census regions. Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae varied significantly by region, from 8.3% to 24.8% (P<.001). In each region, penicillin resistance closely predicted resistance to other beta-lactams, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Levofloxacin resistance was 0.5% nationally (regional range, 0.1%-1.0%). Multidrug resistance also varied significantly (P<.001) by region. beta-Lactamase production among H. influenzae varied significantly (regional range, 24.0%-34.6%) and M. catarrhalis (86.2%-96.8%) also varied by region. Notable variation in regional antimicrobial resistance rates (S. pneumoniae) and beta-lactamase production (H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis) exists throughout the United States.

Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in 1,968 Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated in Spanish Hospitals (2001 to 2003): Decreasing Penicillin Resistance in Children's Isolates

“…In the United States, the prevalence of decreased susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 38% among 10,103 respiratory tract isolates sampled between 2000 and 2001 (8), and 32% of 1,345 blood isolates isolated in 2002 had decreased penicillin susceptibility (14). Notably, variation in regional antimicrobial penicillin resistance has also been described (30).…”

Trends in Drug Resistance, Serotypes, and Molecular Types of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonizing Preschool-Age Children Attending Day Care Centers in Lisbon, Portugal: a Summary of 4 Years of Annual Surveillance

“…S. pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children (6). In the last decade an increasing proportion of pneumococci that are not susceptible to penicillin has been observed, reaching up to 50% in some areas of the world (1,10,16,37,39,43).…”

In Vitro and Bactericidal Activities of ABT-492, a Novel Fluoroquinolone, against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Organisms

“…Newer quinolones demonstrate increased potency against S. pneumoniae, staphylococci, H. influenzae, and some enterococci and have a potency equivalent to that of ciprofloxacin against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (3,5,12,15,16). In the United States, quinolone resistance remains low in S. pneumoniae and has been reported only rarely in H. influenzae (2,6,14,25).ABT-492 is a new fluoroquinolone with increased activity, compared to levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, against gram-positive organisms and activity similar to that of ciprofloxacin against certain gram-negative, quinolone-susceptible and -resistant organisms (20). The in vitro activities of ABT-492, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were evaluated against 919 quinolone-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive and gramnegative pathogens.…”

“…Newer quinolones demonstrate increased potency against S. pneumoniae, staphylococci, H. influenzae, and some enterococci and have a potency equivalent to that of ciprofloxacin against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (3,5,12,15,16). In the United States, quinolone resistance remains low in S. pneumoniae and has been reported only rarely in H. influenzae (2,6,14,25).…”