Regional uptake of direct reduction iron production using hydrogen under climate policy

Pye, Steve; Welsby, Dan; McDowall, Will; Reinauer, Tobias; Dessens, Olivier; Winning, Matthew; Calzadilla, Alvaro; Bataille, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100087

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We provide "what-if" projections of decarbonizing steel supply based on technology availability and production costs, as opposed to normative scenarios of technology substitution [89] or potentials assessments [13]. The CO2 emissions of the steel production sector are projected to decrease even without strong climate policies: with increased recycling thanks to the higher availability of steel scrap, electrification increases at the expense of the currently dominant blast furnace process and thereby yields important energy efficiency gains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and roadblocks in the decarbonisation of the global steel sector: A demand and production modelling approach

Keramidas,

Mima,

Bidaud

2024

Energy and Climate Change

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and roadblocks in the decarbonisation of the global steel sector: A demand and production modelling approach

Keramidas,

Mima,

Bidaud

2024

Energy and Climate Change

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“…Of course, it will have been necessary to arrive at that point by taking on board an Environmental Return On Investment (EROI). By then other environmental threats can come to the forth and concentrate efforts of the steel sector, for example emissions, especially to air, which are related to large numbers of premature deaths according to WHO 12 [100][101][102], measures to slow down the collapse of biodiversity and so on.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He recently addressed climate issues. Note that many review articles have also started to be published, while many more are in the process of reviewing by Journals [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net-Zero transition in the steel sector: beyond the simple emphasis on hydrogen, did we miss anything?

Birat

2023

Matériaux & Techniques

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There is an explosion of publications and of various announcements regarding the use of hydrogen in the steel sector as a way to arrive at Net-Zero steel production − particularly in Europe. Most of them describe process technologies on the one hand and commitment to implement them quickly in the steel sector in the form of roadmaps and agendas, on the other hand. The most popular process technology is H2 Direct Reduction (H2-DR) in a shaft furnace. Available technical literature, as abundant as it may be, is still fairly incomplete in making the pathway to Net-Zero explicit and credible. This paper tries to identify important issues which are not openly discussed nor analyzed in the literature, yet. Process-wise, open questions in technical papers are: (1) what are the best-fitted iron ores for H2-DR, (2) what downstream furnace, after H2-DR, can accommodate various raw materials, (3) how and how much carbon ought to be fed into the process, (4) what is the best design for the shaft, (5) should it be designed for both natural gas and H2 operations, or simply for H2, (6) how should the progress of R&D be organized from pilot plants up to full-scale FOAK plants and then to a broad dissemination of the technology, (7) what kind of refractories should be implemented in the various new reactors being imagined, etc. Cost issues are also widely open, as a function of green hydrogen, green electricity and carbon prices. How is hydrogen fed to the steel mill and what exactly is the connection to renewable electricity? Is the infrastructure that this calls for planned in sufficiently details? What is still missing is a full value chain picture and planning from mining to steel mills, including electricity and hydrogen grids. Two years after our last review paper on hydrogen, the overall picture has changed significantly. Countries beyond Europe, including China, have come up with roadmaps and plans to become net-zero by 2050, plus or minus 10 years. However, they do not rely as much on H2 alone, as Europe seems to be doing. What is most likely is that several process routes will develop in parallel, including, beyond H2-DR, Blast Furnace ironmaking and NG Direct Reduction with CCS, electrolysis of iron ore and scrap-based production in EAFs fed with green electricity, which would single-handedly support the largest part of production by the end of the century; as more and more scrap is to become available and be actually used. There is also a question for historians. The influence of Climate Change on Steel has been discussed continuously for more than 30 years. Why has the commitment to practical answers only solidified recently?

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“…In another example, the reference cases for our analysis of renewables growth (Cherp et al, 2021) mostly come from developed countries that pioneered solar and wind energy. However, in climate scenarios most of the growth occurs in developing and emerging economies, which were late in introducing renewables but could possibly expand them faster by benefitting from frontrunners' technological learning (Grubler et al, 2016; Pye et al, 2022). Thus, the feasibility space in Figure 4 was supplemented with an analysis of whether follower countries reach higher maximum growth rates in spite of their less favorable conditions (Griliches, 1957).…”

Section: The Outside View and The Feasibility Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

The feasibility of climate action: Bridging the inside and the outside view through feasibility spaces

Jewell

Cherp

2023

WIREs Climate Change

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The feasibility of different options to reduce the risks of climate change has engaged scholars for decades. Yet there is no agreement on how to define and assess feasibility. We define feasible as “do‐able under realistic assumptions.” A sound feasibility assessment is based on causal reasoning; enables comparison of feasibility across climate options, contexts, and implementation levels; and reflexively considers the agency of its audience. Global climate scenarios are a good starting point for assessing the feasibility of climate options since they represent causal pathways, quantify implementation levels, and consider policy choices. Yet, scenario developers face difficulties to represent all relevant causalities, assess the realism of assumptions, assign likelihood to potential outcomes, and evaluate the agency of their users, which calls for external feasibility assessments. Existing approaches to feasibility assessment mirror the “inside” and the “outside” view coined by Kahneman and co‐authors. The inside view considers climate change as a unique challenge and seeks to identify barriers that should be overcome by political choice, commitment, and skill. The outside view assesses feasibility through examining historical analogies (reference cases) to the given climate option. Recent studies seek to bridge the inside and the outside views through “feasibility spaces,” by identifying reference cases for a climate option, measuring their outcomes and relevant characteristics, and mapping them together with the expected outcomes and characteristics of the climate option. Feasibility spaces are a promising method to prioritize climate options, realistically assess the achievability of climate goals, and construct scenarios with empirically‐grounded assumptions.This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Representing Uncertainty The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand

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Regional uptake of direct reduction iron production using hydrogen under climate policy

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Opportunities and roadblocks in the decarbonisation of the global steel sector: A demand and production modelling approach

Opportunities and roadblocks in the decarbonisation of the global steel sector: A demand and production modelling approach

Net-Zero transition in the steel sector: beyond the simple emphasis on hydrogen, did we miss anything?

The feasibility of climate action: Bridging the inside and the outside view through feasibility spaces

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