Regionale Unterschiede des Arzneimittelverbrauchs

Schwabe, Ulrich; Paffrath, Dieter

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56434-5_51

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Even in plant agriculture antibiotics are used mostly as spray applications in orchards against bacterial diseases such as fire blight and bacterial leaf and fruit spot (Vidaver 2002). Antibiotics are third among all pharmaceuticals used in human medicine accounting for 6 % of all prescriptions (Schwabe and Paffrath 2001) and dominate veterinary medicine accounting for 70 % of all medications used (Halling-Sørensen et al 1998). Since 1928 when Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, many other natural antibiotics have been discovered and synthetic as well as semi-synthetic derivatives have been developed for the treatment of infections.…”

Section: Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Xenobiotics

Bloem¹,

Kratz²

2016

Phosphorus in Agriculture: 100 % Zero

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As well as fertilizer benefits, reutilization of phosphor (P) from secondary sources and recycling materials such as sewage sludge, farmyard manures, composts, biogas residues or meat and bone meal products on agricultural soils bears the great risk of contaminating farm sites with organic xenobiotics. Contamination of groundwater, surface and drinking water as well as of aquatic sediments and soils with pharmaceuticals has been reported (Hamscher et al.

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Section: Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Xenobiotics

Bloem¹,

Kratz²

2016

Phosphorus in Agriculture: 100 % Zero

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“…Auswertungen, die solche Daten nicht Abbildung 4. Prozentualer Umsatzanstieg für Fertigarzneimittel und Nicht-Fertigarzneimittel in der GKV seit 1993 (Basisjahr; nach [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] …”

Section: Analyse Von Arzneimittel Verordnungen Niedergelassener Onkolunclassified

Versorgungsforschung mit Routinedaten in der Onkologie

Hoffmann

Glaeske

2010

Med Klin

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“…If drug expenditures increased beyond the budget caps, physicians would be required to repay the difference from the budget allotted for their incomes. The threat of such repayments, although never actually enforced, reduced drug expenditures in 1993 by about 11% and afterwards reduced the rate of increase of expenditures to the rate before RDP [17,57]. The limits came with no educational support concerning cost-effective prescribing; many physicians exceeded their limits before the end of the quarterly budget periods and began to write "private prescriptions" not covered by insurance funds.…”

Section: Drug Budgets In Germany-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference drug programs: Effectiveness and policy implications

Schneeweiß¹

2007

Health Policy

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In the current economic environment, health care systems are constantly struggling to contain rapidly rising costs. Drug costs are targeted by a wide variety of measures. Many jurisdictions have implemented reference drug programs (RDPs) or similar therapeutic substitution programs. This paper summarizes the mechanism and rationale of RDPs and presents evidence of their economic effectiveness and clinical safety. RDPs for pharmaceutical reimbursement are based on the assumption that drugs within specified medication groups are therapeutically equivalent and clinically interchangeable and that a common reimbursement level can thus be established. If the evidence documents that a higher price for a given drug does not buy greater effectiveness or reduced toxicity, then under RDP such extra costs are not covered. RDPs or therapeutic substitutions based on therapeutic equivalence are seen as logical extensions of generic substitution that is based on bioequivalence of drugs. If the goal is to achieve full drug coverage for as many patients as possible in the most efficient manner, then RDPs in combination with prior authorization programs are safer and more effective than simplistic fiscal drug policies, including fixed co-payments, co-insurances, or deductibles. RDPs will reduce spending in the less innovative but largest market, while fully covering all patients. Prior authorization will ensure that patients with a specified indication will benefit from the most innovative therapies with full coverage. In practice, however, not all patients and drugs will fit exactly into one of the two categories. Therefore, a process of medically indicated exemptions that will consider full coverage should accompany an RDP.In the current economic environment, health care systems are constantly struggling to contain rapidly rising costs. Drug costs are targeted by a wide variety of measures. Many jurisdictions have implemented reference drug programs, and others are considering them. This paper summarizes the mechanism and rationale of RDPs, presents evidence of their economic effectiveness and clinical safety, and concludes with some practical implications of implementing RDP policies.

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Regionale Unterschiede des Arzneimittelverbrauchs

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Organic Xenobiotics

Organic Xenobiotics

Versorgungsforschung mit Routinedaten in der Onkologie

Reference drug programs: Effectiveness and policy implications

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