Regionalization's Potential in Mitigating Trade Losses Related to Livestock Disease Entry

The Long Haul: Risks Associated With Livestock Transport

“…Regionalization allows for affected areas of a country to be risk-stratified independently, thereby limiting international trade losses that would otherwise mount should an entire country be broad-brushed with a single disease-affected status. 28 Including tourism losses, the cost of the 2001 UK outbreak has been estimated at $20 billion. 20 The further expansion of the 2001 British FMD outbreak into France was via the importation of infected sheep, and the spread of the disease into the Netherlands was traced to certified FMD-free calves imported from Ireland; the latter picked the virus up in transit at an overnight resting stop in France.…”

Biological terrorism targeted at agriculture: The threat to US national security

“…By preventing the introduction of disease into the areas declared uninfected, economic losses can be diminished Rocco CASAGRANDE by the resumption of trade from areas assured to be unaffected by the pathogens. 75 The USDA should create a program to educate farmers on how to recognize and react to foreign diseases and pests. Since some farms do not follow the appropriate biosecurity measures, more education is needed about the importance of proper biosecurity technique.…”

Economic benefits of implementing trading zones for Australian livestock disease outbreaks of limited duration

“…Implementation of trading zones in managing livestock disease outbreaks has the potential to markedly reduce the economic impact of trade restrictions placed on countries 1–5 . Although labelled over the past 30 years with multiple terms, such as regionalization, compartmentalization and containment zones, trading zones essentially involve the establishment of areas within a country, which are considered of negligible risk of transmitting disease through livestock and livestock product shipments to other areas of the country or internationally 6 . Creation and recognition of livestock and livestock product trading zones have most often occurred through bilateral arrangements between exporters and their importing customers.…”

“… 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Although labelled over the past 30 years with multiple terms, such as regionalization, compartmentalization and containment zones, trading zones essentially involve the establishment of areas within a country, which are considered of negligible risk of transmitting disease through livestock and livestock product shipments to other areas of the country or internationally. 6 Creation and recognition of livestock and livestock product trading zones have most often occurred through bilateral arrangements between exporters and their importing customers. Earlier efforts tended to document subnational areas as eligible to trade based on the absence of disease through formal agreements, such as the progression of South American exporters Argentina and Brazil through foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD)‐free stages: first involving regions practicing vaccination and then regions without vaccination.…”