Regorafenib in Recurrent Glioblastoma Patients: A Large and Monocentric Real-Life Study

Abstract

Despite multimodal treatment with surgery and radiochemotherapy, the prognosis of glioblastoma remains poor, and practically all glioblastomas relapse. To date, no standard treatment exists for recurrent glioblastoma patients and traditional therapies have showed limited efficacy. Regorafenib is an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor showing encouraging benefits in recurrent GBM patients enrolled in the REGOMA trial. We performed a large study to investigate clinical outcomes and the safety of regorafenib in a real-life population of recurrent glioblastoma patients. Patients receiving regorafenib outside clinical trials at the Veneto Institute of Oncology were retrospectively reviewed. The major inclusion criteria were: histologically confirmed diagnosis of glioblastoma, prior first line therapy according to “Stupp protocol”, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score ≤1. According to the original schedule, patients received regorafenib 160 mg once daily for the first 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival and safety. A total of 54 consecutive patients were enrolled. The median age was 56, MGMT methylated status was found in 28 out of 53 available patients (52.8%), IDH mutation in 5 (9.3%) and 22 patients were receiving steroids at baseline. The median overall survival was 10.2 months (95% CI, 6.4–13.9), the OS-12 was 43%. Age, MGMT methylation status and steroid use at baseline were not statistically significant on a multivariate analysis for OS. Patients reporting a disease control as best response to regorafenib demonstrated a significant longer survival (24.8 months vs. 6.2 months for patients with progressive disease, p = 0.0001). Grade 3 drug-related adverse events occurred in 10 patients (18%); 1 patient (2%) reported a grade 4 adverse event (rash maculo-papular). No death was considered to be drug-related. This study reported the first large “real-life” experience of regorafenib in recurrent glioblastoma. Overall, our results are close to the ones reported in the previous phase 2 study, despite the fact that we had a longer survival. We showed the encouraging activity and tolerability of this treatment in recurrent glioblastoma patients when used as a second-line treatment.

Regorafenib for recurrent high-grade glioma: a unicentric retrospective analysis of feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity

“…Known therapy-limiting side effects with regorafenib include the occurrence of hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR), arterial hypertension, and elevations in lipase and bilirubin, whereas with lomustine therapy, hematologic toxicity is a particularly prominent side effect [10]. The same side effect profile was reported with regorafenib treatment in glioblastoma, but occurrence of °III and IV HFSR, hypertension, and fatigue was lower as described for patients with colorectal carcinoma in CORRECT trial [6,10,11]. It is expected, that these side effects occur more frequently, when regorafenib is used after several lines of systemic treatment compared to patients in the REGOMA trial who were treated in 2nd line with regorafenib.…”

Drug Repurposing, a Fast-Track Approach to Develop Effective Treatments for Glioblastoma

“…Previously, a randomized, multicenter, open-label phase 2 trial (REGOMA) indicated enhanced efficacy of regorafenib compared to CCNU in recurrent GBM patients [ 224 ]. These findings were further supported by a retrospective clinical study analyzing the clinical outcomes of recurrent GBM patients receiving regorafenib outside clinical trials [ 225 ].…”

Regorafenib beyond the Second Line in Relapsed Glioblastoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…These results, significantly different from the landmark REGOMA trial, may be due to distinct patient characteristics: both included noteworthy heterogenous populations both in prior recurrences (ranging from first to seventh) and in diagnosis including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and diffuse midline gliomas. A 2021 retrospective study [ 9 ], enrolling 54 patients treated with regorafenib showed similar mPFS (2.3 months) and OS (10.2 months) to the ones in the REGOMA trial.…”