Regular and random judgements are not two sides of the same coin: Both representativeness and encoding play a role in randomness perception

Gronchi, Giorgio; Sloman, Steven A.

doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01934-9

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…With regard to the dot-probe task, reaction times shorter than 200 ms were removed, given that it is the minimum estimated time to identify a visually presented object (Johnson, 2010 , see also Gronchi & Sloman, 2021 ; Mather & Carstensen, 2003 ). Long reaction times were excluded for the heavy-tailed distribution of reaction times (Mather & Carstensen, 2003 ; Ratcliff, 1993 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic and controlled attentional orienting toward emotional faces in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Righi

Gronchi

Ramat

et al. 2023

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative motor disorder that can associate with deficits in cognitive and emotional processing. In particular, PD has been reported to be mainly associated with defects in executive control and orienting attentional systems. The deficit in emotional processing mainly emerged in facial expression recognition. It is possible that the defects in emotional processing in PD may be secondary to other cognitive impairments, such as attentional deficits. This study was designed to systematically investigate the different weight of automatic and controlled attentional orienting mechanisms implied in emotional selective attention in PD. To address our purpose, we assessed drug-naïve PD patients and age-matched healthy controls with two dot-probe tasks that differed for stimuli duration. Automatic and controlled attentions were evaluated with stimuli lasting 100 ms and 500 ms, respectively. Furthermore, we introduced an emotion recognition task to investigate the performance in explicit emotion classification. The stimuli used in both the tasks dot-probe and emotion recognition were expressive faces displaying neutral, disgusted, fearful, and happy expressions.Our results showed that in PD patients, compared with healthy controls, there was 1) an alteration of automatic and controlled attentional orienting toward emotional faces in both the dot-probe tasks (with short and long durations), and 2) no difference in the emotion recognition task. These findings suggest that, from the early stages of the disease, PD can yield specific deficits in implicit emotion processing task (i.e., dot-probe task) despite a normal performance in explicit tasks that demand overt emotion recognition.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic and controlled attentional orienting toward emotional faces in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Righi

Gronchi

Ramat

et al. 2023

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This organization may be assessed by disarray (the number of alternations between heads and tails) and balance (the proportion of heads and tails) of each sequence. Consequently, sequences with too many or too few alternations have easily identifiable patterns (Gronchi & Sloman, 2021; Lopes & Oden, 1987), which explains the higher preference by A 5 . Balance explains why A 3 is the second most preferred choice; balance is lacking in A 1 and A 4 , while alternations are lacking in A 2 .…”

Section: Empirical Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rachlin's extended self: Influences on a Brazilian research group

Bernardy

Santiago

Siqueira

et al. 2023

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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We pay tribute to Rachlin's work stating that researching and writing for posterity is an act of selfcontrol and altruism. We show how Rachlin's work influenced a series of seminars at the University of São Paulo (Brazil) based on his book from 1989, Judgment, Decision, and Choice. This influence is illustrated through two empirical exercises conducted during our seminars, where students were actively involved in data collection and analysis. The first exercise is about judgment of randomness involving coin tossing. The second is a replication of a procedure by Jones and Rachlin ( 2006) about social discounting of monetary quantities. We use these empirical examples to highlight some of Rachlin's major contributions to the science of behavior and their implications to our seminars and to ourselves as researchers.

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“…Test theory introduces the Random Guess Score (RGS), which is the score level that is obtained by simply taking decisions randomly. The Random Guess Score sets a lower bound to the performance that can reasonably be attributed to the candidate's capabilities [Gronchi et al, 2021]. In principle, the Random Guess Score of a test item, which is denoted as RGS, equals the sum of the probability for each option of the item multiplied by the assigned score of the associated outcome [Draaijer et al, 2018].…”

Section: Single Visitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Repetitive Trials in Serious Games

Westera¹

2022

jucs

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Players in serious games may often need multiple trials for correctly completing a game task. Therefore, the number of attempts should be reflected in the score. This article presents three computational score models that take into account the number of attempts that a player makes to be successful. The models, which are extensions of test theory, quantify the random contributions to the scores that need to be removed. They also describe the influence of prior knowledge used for elimination of incorrect options, and take into account that the decision options in a node may not be equally plausible. In a series of simulation studies the score outcomes of the models are compared under various conditions. Results show that the number of trials cannot be ignored as they have a strong impact on the performance scores to be assigned. Neglecting the number of trials leads to inaccurate scores that significantly overrate the observed performances, occasionally up to 100% or even more. The effects depend on the number of decision options, the presence of obvious, correct or incorrect options given the player´s knowledge level and, to a lesser extent, different plausibility levels of the options to decide upon. The practical feasibility is high, because a simple score formula largely solves the problem.

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Regular and random judgements are not two sides of the same coin: Both representativeness and encoding play a role in randomness perception

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Automatic and controlled attentional orienting toward emotional faces in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Automatic and controlled attentional orienting toward emotional faces in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Rachlin's extended self: Influences on a Brazilian research group

Assessing Repetitive Trials in Serious Games

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