“…In the seminal paper [14], Kinnunen studied the action of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on Sobolev functions, giving an elegant proof that M : W 1,p (R d ) → W 1,p (R d ) is bounded for 1 < p ≤ ∞. This work paved the way for several interesting contributions to the regularity theory of maximal operators over the past two decades, with interesting connections to potential theory and partial differential equations, see for instance [1,3,4,6,7,8,11,13,15,16,18,19,22,23,21,24,25,26]. One of the longstanding problems in this field is concerned with the regularity at the endpoint p = 1.…”