Regularity, Randomness, and Aggregation in Flowering Phenologies

Poole, Robert W.; Rathcke, Beverly J.

doi:10.1126/science.203.4379.470

Cited by 153 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…For univariate data (body size and RGA), we used the one-tail V test proposed by Poole and Rathcke (1979) and modified by Williams (1995). The V value is the variance in the distances between the species when sorted by one parameter (Williams 1995).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of the Mammalian Predator Guild in the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene)

2013

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The Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene, Santacrucian age) registers 11 species of mammalian predators (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Together with large carnivorous flightless birds, they comprised the terrestrial predator guild. The Santacrucian sparassodonts were diverse in body size, had different locomotory habits, and were primarily hypercarnivores. The objective of this work is to analyze the guild structure of the sparassodonts of the Santa Cruz Formation, using the variables of body mass, diet, and locomotion as proxies. Furthermore, we analyze the interaction with other predators and potential prey. The univariated test V of Poole and Rathcke and the multivariated test of Clark-Evans were used to construct the models. In the multivariate test, we made a Principal Component Analysis to resume and standardize the variables. With body mass and locomotion we obtained an evenly spaced pattern of segregation for the sparassodont species, being non-significant and significant, respectively. The pattern was aggregated and significant only with diet. The analysis of all variables together resulted in an evenly spaced and significant pattern, which is consistent with character displacements (segregation of species throughout the morphospace) that would help to diminish interspecific competition during the Santacrucian age and would allow selection of prey species of different sizes and substrate specializations. When the body size pattern of predator birds and sparassodonts were plotted together, the pattern is evenly spaced and nonsignificant. Other factors, including locomotion, would differentiate these species and their ecological niches.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of the Mammalian Predator Guild in the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene)

2013

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“…Variances were obtained as an index of body-size ratio constancy (Poole & Rathcke 1979). The measure of the body size ratio was Weber's length, which is frequently used in ant studies as a simple measure of body size (i.e.…”

Section: Analysis Of Body Size Overlapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly rules in Muscid Fly assemblages in the grasslands Biome of Southern Brazil

Krüger¹,

Carvalho²,

Ribeiro³

2010

Neotrop. entomol.

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-The distribution of muscid species (Diptera) in grasslands fragments of southern Brazil was assessed using null models according to three assembly rules: (a) negatively-associated distributions; (b) guild proportionality; and (c) constant body-size ratios. We built presence/absence matrices and calculated the C-score index to test negatively-associated distributions and guild proportionality based on the following algorithms: total number of fi xed lines (F L ), total number of fi xed columns (F C ), and the effect of the average size of the populations along lines (W) for 5000 randomizations. We used null models to generate random communities that were not structured by competition and evaluated the patterns generated using three models: general, trophic guilds, and taxonomic guilds.All three assembly rules were tested in each model. The null hypothesis was corroborated in all F L X F C co-occurrence analyses. In addition, 11 analyses of the models using the W algorithm showed the same pattern observed previously. Three analyses using the W algorithm indicated that species cooccurred more frequently than expected by chance. According to analyses of co-occurrence and guild proportionality, the coexistence of muscid species is not regulated by constant body size ratios. In fl ies of the grasslands, no rule was identifi ed. Yet, a consensus did emerge from our analyses: species co-occur more frequently than expected by chance, indicating that aggregation is a recurring phenomenon among fl ies with saprophagous adults and predatory larvae. Therefore, competition does not seem to play an important role in the determination of muscid assemblages in the grasslands in Southern Brazil.

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“…This would be evolutionarily significant, as these ecological differences would be linked to a process that simultaneously limits hybridization (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990;Futuyma 1998). Two plant taxocenesNeotropical Heliconia (Stiles 1977;Poole and Rathcke 1979;Cole 1981) and Paleotropical Shorea (Ashton et al 1988) stagger flowering times, perhaps in response to selection to decrease competition for pollinators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage: evidence for continuous and overlapping reproduction

Kaspari

Pickering

Longino

et al. 2001

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

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Reproductive phenologies reflect the interaction between the mating system of a taxon and the local environment. Ant colonies reproduce and disperse via the flights of winged alates. Few data exist on the reproductive phenologies of ant assemblages. Here we analyze the reproductive phenologies of 81 common ant species from 23,182 individuals collected over 3 years on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI). Species ranged from highly synchronous to continuous fliers, but showed a median flight duration of at least 8 of 13 lunar months. In two statistical analyses (variance ratio test and Spearman rank correlations), 84% (16 of 19) of ant genera had species trending toward positively associated phenologies, more than expected by chance (P<0.00036 by a binomial test). Thus, there was little evidence for the hypothesis that competition for limiting resources staggers congeneric flights and ultimately promotes reproductive isolation. On the contrary, the timing of reproduction, and its synchrony, tended to be conserved within genera and subfamilies. These results closely match phenological studies of plant assemblages. The continuous reproduction and small colony size of many species in this study suggest that the female calling syndrome, a poorly documented mating system in ants, may be common on BCI. (Whitford 1978;Lynch et al. 1980;Cerda et al. 1997;Kaspari and Weiser 2000). Far less is known, however, about the phenology of ant reproduction and dispersal (Tschinkel 1991) even though this knowledge is key to understanding patterns of genetic and species diversity. It is an especially intriguing topic for tropical assemblages where over 100 species may be found in 100 m 2 of forest (M. Kaspari and J.T. Longino, personal observation). KeywordsHere we present the first data set documenting patterns and possible mechanisms generating phenological diversity in a tropical ant assemblage. We begin by briefly exploring the major constraints to the reproductive phenology of an ant population. We then discuss how taxonomic diversity in phenologies may arise.What determines the reproductive phenology of an ant population?Reproductive and dispersal phenologies are compromises to a variety of biotic and abiotic constraints (Rathcke and Lacey 1985). In ants, a key element of this constraint is the dual nature of the flights themselves: alates must not only find a mate, but females must then go on to found a colony.Ants show at least two mating systems that involve alates (Hölldobler and Bartz 1985). Both have a pheno-

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Regularity, Randomness, and Aggregation in Flowering Phenologies

Cited by 153 publications

References 2 publications

The Structure of the Mammalian Predator Guild in the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene)

The Structure of the Mammalian Predator Guild in the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene)

Assembly rules in Muscid Fly assemblages in the grasslands Biome of Southern Brazil

The phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage: evidence for continuous and overlapping reproduction

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