‘Regulated deregulation’ of local bus services—An appraisal of international developments

The Qualities Needed for a Successful Collaboration: A Contribution to the Conceptual Understanding of Collaboration for Efficient Public Transport

“…Thus, O'Sullivan and Patel [2] claim that the institutional changes that have led to the reallocation of areas of responsibility in certain countries have also impaired the functioning of the public transport system [3,5]. Such reforms have created points in the planning and organization of public transport systems where institutional structures may produce suboptimal outcomes.…”

“…Other examples of important institutional changes in Europe in recent years are deregulation, privatization, and the introduction of competition [1,3]. Transport authorities usually retain the power to define transport services-for example, the definition of the social function of public transport-but in a truly market-driven public transport system [19] free entrepreneurs are entitled to create new transport services autonomously from requests by public transport authorities.…”

“…Institutional reforms in Western Europe [1] have made it more difficult to establish well-functioning public transport systems, due to an organizational fragmentation that has resulted in coordination problems between public transport authorities, companies, and the local authorities, among others. In some countries, these institutional reforms have, in fact, resulted in greater fragmentation in transport operations on the ground [2,3]. Efficient public transport increasingly requires the successful collaboration of a number of discrete organizations, each with its own budget and areas of responsibility, working across organizational boundaries on shared priorities and implementation.…”

How to create functioning collaboration in theory and in practice – practical experiences of collaboration when planning public transport systems

“…Institutional reforms in western European public transport systems have made it more difficult to establish fully functioning public transport systems due to organizational fragmentation that might result in coordination problems, for instance, between public transport authorities, operators, and local authorities, among others (O'Sullivan & Patel, 2004;van de Velde, 1999;van de Velde and Wallis, 2013). This means that the planning of public transport systems is characterized by complexities due to the involvement of multiple organizations and a wide range of experts and stakeholders, often with varying perspectives (Bruijn & Veeneman, 2009;Olesen, 2014).…”

Partnerships between operators and public transport authorities. Working practices in relational contracting and collaborative partnerships

“…Institutional reforms in Western European public transport (van de Velde, 1999, van de Velde & Wallis 2013) have made it difficult to establish functioning public transport systems due to organisational fragmentation that results in coordination problems, for instance between regional and local authorities and operators. In some countries, this has resulted in more fragmented transport operations on the ground (O'Sullivan & Patel 2004, van de Velde & Wallis, 2013. In consequence, recent research on public transport has seen increasing focus on issues like collaboration and steering in complex governance settings (e.g.…”