Regulated Emissions from Biodiesel Tested in Heavy-Duty Engines Meeting 2004 Emission Standards

McCormick, Robert L.; Tennant, Christopher J.; Hayes, R. Robert; Black, Stuart; Ireland, John C.; McDaniel, Tom; Williams, Aaron; Frailey, Mike; Sharp, Christopher

doi:10.4271/2005-01-2200

Cited by 131 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Researchers at Penn State University tested a 4-g/bhp-h NO x Cummins engine and observed a 3% reduction in NO x for a low sulfur base fuel and no change for an ultra-low sulfur base fuel [21]. Results for two engines meeting the 2.5-g/bhp-h NO x +HC level have also been reported, with NO x found to increase by 3 to 6% [22]. Environment Canada has reported testing of a 1998 Caterpillar 3126E with no change in NO x [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

McCormick¹,

Williams²,

Ireland³

et al. 2006

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online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Executive SummaryBiodiesel is a fuel-blending component produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease by reaction with methanol or ethanol to produce methyl or ethyl esters. Pure biodiesel contains approximately 10 weight percent oxygen. It is typically blended with petroleum diesel at levels up to 20% (B20). The presence of oxygen in the fuel leads to a reduction in emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and toxic compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) when biodiesel blends are burned in diesel engines. These reductions are robust and have been observed in numerous engine and vehicle testing studies. Engine dynamometer studies reviewed in a 2002 report from EPA show a 2% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions for B20. This perceived small increase in NO x is leading some state regulatory agencies to consider banning the use of biodiesel. Therefore, the issue of NO x emissions is potentially a significant barrier to expansion of biodiesel markets.The objective of this study was to determine if testing entire vehicles, vs. just the engines, on a heavyduty chassis dynamometer provides a better, more realistic measurement of the impact of B20 on regulated pollutant emissions. This report also documents completion of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory We reviewed more recently published engine testing studies (Table 3) and found an average change in NO x for all recent B20 studies of -0.6%±2.0% (95% confidence intervals are used throughout this report). Restricting the average to recent studies of B20 with soy biodiesel yields an average NO x impact of 0.1%±2.7%. The EPA review also includes summary of a smaller vehicle testing dataset that shows no significant impact of biodiesel on NO x . We reviewed several recently published vehicle (chassis) testing studies (Tables 4 and 5) and found an average change in NO x of 1.2%±2.9% for B20 from soy-derived biodiesel. In addition, we reviewed three portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) studies that do not find NO x to increase.Eight heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested, including three transit buses, two school buses, two Class 8 trucks, and one motor coach. Four met the 1998 heavy-duty emissions requirement of 4 g/bhp-h NO x and four met the 2004 limit of 2.5 g/bhp-h NO x +HC. Driving cycles that simulate both urban and freeway driving were employed. Each vehicle was tested on a petroleum-derived diesel fuel and on a 20 volume percent blend of that fuel with soy-derived biodiesel. On average B20 caused PM and CO emissions to be reduced by 16% to 17% and HC emissions to be reduced by 12% relative to petroleum diesel. Emissions of these three pollutants nearly always went down, the exception being a vehicle equipped with a diesel particle filter that showed very low emissions of PM, CO, and HC; and there was no significant change in emissions for blending of B20. The NO x impact of B20 va...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

McCormick¹,

Williams²,

Ireland³

et al. 2006

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“…This study found, on average, a 25% reduction in PM emissions for B20 [5], but NOx increased by nearly 4 %.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Particulate Filter Performance

Williams¹,

McCormick²,

Hayes³

et al. 2006

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Tests of ultra-low sulfur diesel blended with soy-biodiesel at 5% and 20% were conducted using a 2002 model year Cummins ISB engine (with exhaust gas recirculation) that had been retrofitted with a passively regenerated catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). Results show that on average, the DPF balance point temperature (BPT) is 45°C and 112°C lower for B20 blends and neat biodiesel, respectively, than for 2007 certification diesel fuel.Biodiesel causes a measurable increase in regeneration rate at a fixed steady-state condition, even at the 5% blending level. The data show no significant differences in NO x emissions for these fuels at the steady-state regeneration conditions, suggesting that differences in soot reactivity are responsible for the observed differences in BPT and regeneration rate. Soot from the various fuels was characterized by determining the fuel and lubricant fractions of the soluble organic fraction, elemental and organic carbon content, amorphous carbon/graphitic carbon ratio by Raman spectroscopy, carbon/oxygen ratio by energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and reactivity in oxygen by TGA. Results indicate a much more disordered soot structure, containing higher levels of oxygen as biodiesel is blended into the diesel fuel. The soot produced from biodiesel and blends is much more reactive in oxygen than diesel soot. It is concluded that the lower balance point temperature and higher DPF regeneration rates for biodiesel containing fuels are observed because the soot generated from these blends is more reactive.

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“…As combustion and emission formation of alternative fuels have not been fundamentally explained yet [16], a detailed analysis approach based on explanation models for fuel characteristics was chosen to explain these observed differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Heat Release Analyses with Regard to Combustion of RME and Oxygenated Fuels in an HSDI Diesel Engine

Horn¹,

Egnell²,

Johansson³

et al. 2007

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Experiments on a modern DI Diesel engine were carried out: The engine was fuelled with standard Diesel fuel, RME and a mixture of 85% standard Diesel fuel, 5% RME and 10% higher alcohols under low load conditions (4 bar IMEP).During these experiments, different external EGR levels were applied while the injection timing was chosen in a way to keep the location of 50% heat release constant.Emission analysis results were in accordance with widely known correlations: Increasing EGR rates lowered NOx emissions. This is explained by a decrease of global air-fuel ratio entailing longer ignition delay. Local gas-fuel ratio increases during ignition delay and local combustion temperature is lowered. Exhaust gas analysis indicated further a strong increase of CO, PM and unburned HC emissions at high EGR levels. This resulted in lower combustion efficiency. PM emissions however, decreased above 50% EGR which was also in accordance with previously reported results.Besides those similar trends, fuel dependent differences in indicated thermal efficiency as well as CO, HC, NOx and especially PM emissions were observed. These differences were evaluated by detailed heat release analysis and explanation models based upon fuel characteristics as fuel viscosity and fuel distillation curve.Fuel spray evaporation and heat release were influenced by these fuel characteristics. Due to these characteristics it was concluded that RME has a higher tendency to form fuel rich zones at low load conditions than the other tested fuel types.Moreover it was found that improved fuel spray vaporisation is an option to improve exhaust emissions at low load conditions.

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Regulated Emissions from Biodiesel Tested in Heavy-Duty Engines Meeting 2004 Emission Standards

Cited by 131 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Particulate Filter Performance

Detailed Heat Release Analyses with Regard to Combustion of RME and Oxygenated Fuels in an HSDI Diesel Engine

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