Regulating metabolic inflammation by nutritional modulation

Abstract

Metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) is characteristic of obesity-related metabolic disorders, associated with increased risk of development of type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or cardiovascular disease. Metaflammation refers to a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation as opposed to the classical transient and acute inflammatory responses of the innate immune system. Metaflammation is driven by a range of adverse dietary factors, including saturated fatty acids and some sugars, suggesting that certain dietary triggers may be particularly relevant beyond simple excessive dietary intake presenting as obesity. Importantly, obese patients with diabetes have a higher risk of infection and display gut microbiota profiles characteristic of dysfunctional immunity. Targeting metaflammation has also emerged as a strategy to attenuate metabolic disease. In this review we explore how different nutrition interventions may reconfigure disrupted metabolic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by reestablishing a conventional proinflammatory program in innate immune cells and/or correcting dysbiosis to dampen systemic inflammation. We begin by reviewing concepts of metabolic inflammation relating to IL-1b inflammation and how it is induced by dietary and/or metabolic stressors. We then explore whether and how dietary interventions may attenuate processes pertaining to metaflammation, either directly or indirectly via the microbiome. Hence, we hope to bring new perspectives to alleviate the metaflammation typifying metabolic disease.

Dietary palmitic acid induces innate immune memory via ceramide production that enhances severity of acute septic shock and clearance of infection

“…We have previously found that mice fed Western Diet (WD) showed increased disease severity and mortality in a model of endotoxemia, independent of the WD-dependent microbiome or associated weight gain (1). Considering the WD is enriched in dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which have been shown to enhance production of inflammatory cytokines from innate immune cells in vitro (14)(15)(16)(17). Thus, we sought to understand if enriched dietary SFAs were sufficient to drive enhanced endotoxemia severity and mortality in vivo.…”

The role of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: Looking at the other side of the moon

“…Finally, the regulation of metabolic inflammation using novel therapeutic tools, such as modification of gut microbiota and nutritional modulation, is expected to have a role in the future management of T2D and obesity. 133…”

Editorial: Personalized Nutrition

“…int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight). Driven by easy access to energy-dense foods and a sedentary lifestyle, obesity has become a major global health and socio-economic problem in the twenty-first century (1), leading to insulin resistance (IR), a pro-inflammatory and hypoxic milieu, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (2). More recently there has also been concern that the prevalence of obesity-related cancers will rise.…”

“…While dietary guidelines are evidence-based and valuable for the general population to maintain health, it has become increasingly clear that it may be important to personalize dietary advice to obtain more effective prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic diseases. Indeed, lifestyle intervention, focused on personalization of general guidelines for a healthy diet and physical activity at an individual level, may reduce diabetes and metabolic syndrome risk by more than 50% in different settings worldwide (2)(3)(4). Nevertheless, within these tailored interventions, 30% of the participants do not respond and/or adhere to the intervention.…”