Layered
Na
x
CoO2 provides
multiple degrees of freedom for manipulating its structure and physical
properties by tuning the Na concentration, leading to specific functionalities
including thermoelectricity, superconductivity, and potentiality in
Li-/Na-ion batteries. However, the contribution of varied Na to charge
transfer, electrocatalytic kinetics, and energetics in terms of the
electrochemical interface reaction for the oxygen evolution reaction
(OER) in water splitting and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in
fuel cells is not yet fully understood. This work reveals that varied
Na concentrations indirectly affect the electrochemical OER or ORR
activity by changing the Co–O bond in the constituent CoO6 octahedron of Na
x
CoO2. Tuning the Na concentration gives rise to the unique evolution
of the electronic configuration and subsequently further enhances
the Co–O bond’s covalency, which results in promoting
the catalytic kinetics of OER and ORR. As the Fermi level descends
deeper into the O 2p orbitals with increasing Na extraction, the lattice
oxygen becomes active in the proton–electron transfer process,
which is reflected in the pH and oxygen-concentration dependence of
the OER activity. Based on the characterization of its electrochemical
properties, the high electrocatalytic activity of Na0.75CoO2, which exhibits competent OER activity superior to
that of IrO2, is rationalized. Meanwhile, intrinsic Na0.75CoO2 reveals a half-wave potential of 0.74VRHE for ORR. The evolution of the structure and the electronic
configuration of Na
x
CoO2 related
to its electrochemical properties enables further improved Na
x
CoO2-based catalysts for efficient
electrochemical OER and ORR.