This paper introduces and theorizes the practices of design governance: the process of state-sanctioned intervention in the means and processes of designing the built environment in order to shape both processes and outcomes in a defined public interest. The paper is in three parts. The first briefly addresses 'why' the public sector should seek to intervene in design, in other words the motivations behind design governance. The second and third parts address respectively the 'what' and 'how' questions; what is design governance and how does it occur? They do this by dissecting the concept and investigating a number of recurring debates in the literature that reveal key conceptual threads and problematics running through these practices. The result, and the key contribution of this paper, is a new set of concepts through which to understand the governance of design as a distinct and important sub-field of urban design.
Why the public sector intervenes in designDefining the field Put simply, this paper focuses on the role of the state (public sector) in how we design the built environment. We can christen this activity 'design governance' and define it as: 'The process of state-sanctioned intervention in the means and processes of designing the built environment in order to shape both processes and outcomes in a defined public interest' (Carmona 2013a).This activity is nothing new. Since ancient times human beliefs and philosophies have been reflected in a diverse range of local codes that dictate the form and layout of buildings, monuments and settlements, whether related to natural phenomenon (on Earth or in the stars) or to superstitions, creeds and practices of human and / or spiritual origin. The use of Feng Shui from 4000 BC onwards in China; the layout of ritual landscapes such as Stonehenge in England from 3000 BC; the design of religious buildings across today's Christian, Islamic and Hindu worlds; and the layout of sacred sites in the great civilizations of the past, in ancient Egypt, Greece or the Andean civilizations, for example, each share in common the use of prescribed design codes to give meaning and narrative to devotional practices, whether of monarch or deity. Beyond the laws of religious authorities, design has also long been a subject for governmental activity, and societies through the ages have regulated aspects of design for many reasons. In ancient China, for example, the colour yellow was associated with imperial dignity and for many centuries its use on buildings was restricted to the emperors. In Medieval England, the right to use crenellations on a building was controlled by the king because of their association with the building of fortifications, and those wishing to use crenellations had to obtain a licence to crenellate from the twelfth century onwards. From the thirteenth century the development of Siena was regulated by controls on building heights, materials, window shape and building line established by the then nova Government of the republic of Siena. Following the ...