Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review

Yang, Linyan; Chen, Xueming; She, Qianhong; Cao, Gaoshao; Liu, Yongdi; Chang, Victor Wei-Chung; Tang, Chuyang Y.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.024

Cited by 112 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 157 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Different countries have established regulations regarding normal THM levels in the water. However, often these values are exceeded [ 43 ], as observed in this study. Due to this, a straightforward and economical solution to help combat increased DBP concentrations was sought.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…They appear in the Polish Regulation of the Minister of Health of 9 November 2015 on requirements to be met by water in swimming pools [ 27 , 42 ]. Requirements for pool water quality in different countries have been reviewed [ 43 ]. Table 1 shows the guidelines for THM concentrations, free and combined chlorine, and pH in five European countries and the USA [ 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximum values, especially for chloroform, are very strict in Poland. Exceeding these limits (which are valid in Poland) occurs in many countries: U.S., France, Australia, Ireland, England, or Singapore [ 43 ] and Canada [ 46 ]. DBPs in general and chloroform in particular are global problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Ratajczak

Pobudkowska

2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pool water must be constantly disinfected. Chlorine compounds used to disinfect pools react with organic substances such as sweat, urine, and personal care products introduced into pool water by users and results in the formation of disinfection byproducts. Trihalomethanes (THM), including chloroform and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, were quantified using a two-stage process: determining initial THM and chloroform levels; then searching for a cheap and easy-to-use method to improve water quality. The method proposed here to limit THM and DOC concentrations in water is controlled showering. At three swimming pool facilities, chloroform concentrations (13.8 ± 0.33 µg/L, 15.5 ± 0.44 µg/L, and 13.9 ± 0.06 µg/L) were below the threshold concentration of 30 μg/L. At a fourth facility, however, the chloroform concentration exceeded that threshold (40.7 ± 9.68 μg/L) when showering was not controlled. Those conditions improved after the introduction of a mandatory shower; concentrations of DOC, THMs, and chloroform all decreased. The chloroform concentration decreased to 29.4 ± 3.8 μg/L, the THM concentration was 31.3 ± 3.9 μg/L, and the DOC concentration was 6.09 ± 0.05 mg/L. Pilot tests were carried out at real facilities to determine whether the control of pre-swim hygiene was possible. The introduction of proper pre-swim hygiene limited the concentration of DOC in water and can lead to a healthier environment for everyone attending the swimming facility.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Ratajczak

Pobudkowska

2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sampling times at 5 and 90 minutes lacked the time discrimination required to better define the exposure and elimination behaviors associated with this sub‐group. While theoretically the delayed presence in breath could be associated with ingestion and subsequent processing of DBPs, the total contribution of this route is known to be minimal for trihalomethanes and therefore unlikely to have produced this phenomenon . Future assessments of DBP exposures can exclude this potential exposure by specifying exercise protocols in the pool that prevent pool water ingestion (ie, performed at poolside or without submerging the head); however, it is considered that the exposure would be unlikely to have such profound impact on the washout profile .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for alternative exhaled elimination profiles of disinfection by‐products and potential markers of airway responses to swimming in a chlorinated pool environment

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chlorine‐based disinfectants protect pool water from pathogen contamination but produce potentially harmful halogenated disinfection by‐products (DBPs). This study characterized the bioaccumulation and elimination of exhaled DBPs post‐swimming and investigated changes in exhaled breath profiles associated with chlorinated pool exposure. Nineteen participants provided alveolar‐enriched breath samples prior to and 5, 90, 300, 510, and 600 minutes post‐swimming. Known DBPs associated with chlorinated water were quantitated by thermal desorption‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Two distinct exhaled DBP elimination profiles were observed. Most participants (84%) reported peak concentrations immediately post‐swimming that reduced exponentially. A sub‐group exhibited a previously unobserved and delayed washout profile with peak levels at 90 minutes post‐exposure. Metabolomic investigations tentatively identified two candidate biomarkers associated with swimming pool exposure, demonstrating an upregulation in the hours after exposure. These data demonstrated a hitherto undescribed exhaled DBP elimination profile in a small number of participants which contrasts previous findings of uniform accumulation and exponential elimination. This sub‐group which exhibited delayed peak‐exhaled concentrations suggests the uptake, processing, and immediate elimination of DBPs are not ubiquitous across individuals as previously understood. Additionally, non‐targeted metabolomics highlighted extended buildup of compounds tentatively associated with swimming in a chlorinated pool environment that may indicate airway responses to DBP exposure.

show abstract

“…It is estimated that 70 % of the food‐borne illnesses worldwide are caused by the consumption of food and water contaminated with various pathogenic microorganisms. The most conventional approach for water disinfection is using chloride, but by‐products are often generated after chlorination [5] . Photocatalysis technology can kill pathogenic microorganisms in a green, highly efficient and broad‐spectrum way, is a new research field with great application potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Performance of a Gold‐Loaded g‐C₃N₄ Nanocomposite System in Visible Light‐Dark Dual Mode

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2020

ChemPlusChem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Semiconductor photocatalysis technology, which can kill pathogenic microorganisms in a green and broad‐spectrum way, is a new research field with great application potential. Due to the dependence on light, semiconductor materials have the problems of low utilization rate of sunlight and inactivation under dark conditions. A simple Au‐loaded g‐C3N4 (Au/g‐C3N4) nanocomposites was studied. Under dark conditions, the antibacterial efficiency of 1.2 % Au/g‐C3N4 reached 99.1 % relative to 105 CFU (Colony‐FormingUnits)/mL E. coli. Under light conditions, the antibacterial efficiency of 0.9 % Au/g‐C3N4 reached 94.1 % relative to 107 CFU/mL E. coli. The influence of contact time, Au loading and bacterial concentration on its antibacterial performance under dark conditions was discussed in detail. Through photoelectrochemistry, SEM, TEM and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection the microscopic charge behaviour was revealed in the system, and a light‐dark dual‐mode antibacterial mechanism was proposed.

show abstract

Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review

Cited by 112 publications

References 157 publications

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Evidence for alternative exhaled elimination profiles of disinfection by‐products and potential markers of airway responses to swimming in a chlorinated pool environment

Antibacterial Performance of a Gold‐Loaded g‐C₃N₄ Nanocomposite System in Visible Light‐Dark Dual Mode

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review

Cited by 112 publications

References 157 publications

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Evidence for alternative exhaled elimination profiles of disinfection by‐products and potential markers of airway responses to swimming in a chlorinated pool environment

Antibacterial Performance of a Gold‐Loaded g‐C3N4 Nanocomposite System in Visible Light‐Dark Dual Mode

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Antibacterial Performance of a Gold‐Loaded g‐C₃N₄ Nanocomposite System in Visible Light‐Dark Dual Mode