Phosphorylation of translational repressor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) controls the initiation of capdependent translation, a type of protein synthesis that is frequently upregulated in human diseases such as cancer. Because of its critical cellular function, it is not surprising that multiple kinases can post-translationally modify 4E-BP1 to drive aberrant cap-dependent translation. We recently reported a site-selective chemoproteomic method for uncovering kinase-substrate interactions, and using this approach, we discovered the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 as a new 4E-BP1 kinase. Herein, we describe our extension of this work and reveal the role of CDK4 in modulating 4E-BP1 activity in the transition from mitosis to G1, thereby demonstrating a novel role for this kinase in cell cycle regulation.Cap-dependent translation is an important cellular process that controls the translation of select mRNAs typically encoding for growth factors and oncogenes [1][2][3][4]. The initiation of cap-dependent mRNA translation is governed by the availability of eIF4E, the m 7 GpppX-cap-binding translation initiation factor [5,6]. This protein is highly regulated, primarily through the work of the 4E-BPs, which sequester eIF4E from eIF4G and the eIF4F translation initiation complex [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The activity of 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) is in turn regulated by phosphorylation, where hypophosphorylated 4E-BP1 binds strongly to eIF4E to inhibit translation, while hyperphosphorylated 4E-BP1 releases eIF4E to initiate capdependent translation [13][14][15][16]. For many years, the only validated kinase known to affect 4E-BP1 phosphorylation has been mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which was shown to hierarchically phosphorylate 4E-BP1 at T37 and T46 followed by T70 and S65 [14,15,17,18]. However, several findings have called into question the exclusivity of mTORC1 for each of these phosphorylation sites [19], namely reports demonstrating that other unknown kinases can also phosphorylate 4E-BP1 to stimulate cap-dependent translation [20][21][22], particularly in cases of mTOR inhibitor drug resistance [23][24][25][26].Recently, our laboratory has developed a chemoproteomic pipeline by which to identify site-specific kinase-substrate interactions, Phosphosite-Accurate kinase-substrate cross(X)linking Assay or PhAXA [27]. Using this methodology, we discovered that cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), which is primarily responsible for controlling the cell cycle checkpoint at the G 1 /S transition through phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) Abbreviations 4E-BP1, 4E-binding protein 1; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; FDR, false discovery rate; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; PSMs, peptide-spectrum matches; WT, wild-type.