Regulation of a Segmentation Stripe by Overlapping Activators and Repressors in the
            <i>Drosophila</i>
            Embryo

Stanojevic, Dusan; Small, Stephen; Levine, Michael

doi:10.1126/science.1683715

Cited by 319 publications

(281 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Eve protein is expressed in seven transverse stripes along the embryo, which are controlled by five independent enhancers. The D. melanogaster eve stripe 2 enhancer includes binding sites for five transcription factors (including two activators and three repressors) that are required for expression of the Eve protein in stripe 2 (Stanojevic et al, 1991). Although these binding sites were required for activity in the D. melanogaster enhancer that was dissected experimentally, sequence variation within and between species is comparable to other noncoding regions and fits a model of neutral sequence evolution (Ludwig and Kreitman, 1995).…”

Section: Conserved Function Despite Divergent Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of cis-regulatory sequence and function in Diptera

Wittkopp

2006

Heredity

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Cis-regulatory sequences direct patterns of gene expression essential for development and physiology. Evolutionary changes in these sequences contribute to phenotypic divergence. Despite their importance, cis-regulatory regions remain one of the most enigmatic features of the genome. Patterns of sequence evolution can be used to identify cisregulatory elements, but the power of this approach depends upon the relationship between sequence and function. Comparative studies of gene regulation among Diptera reveal that divergent sequences can underlie conserved expression, and that expression differences can evolve despite largely similar sequences. This complex structure-function relationship is the primary impediment for computational identification and interpretation of cis-regulatory sequences. Biochemical characterization and in vivo assays of cis-regulatory sequences on a genomic-scale will relieve this barrier.

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Section: Conserved Function Despite Divergent Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of cis-regulatory sequence and function in Diptera

Wittkopp

2006

Heredity

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“…Many, if not all of these stripes are also regulated by Bcd, even though most occur in regions with low to intermediate Bcd concentrations (39). The eve stripes are activated by several remote enhancers located Ϸ1.5-9 kb from the promoter (40,41) and Bcd-binding sites are critical for activation by at least the stripe 2 enhancer (42,43). It is likely, therefore, that Chip increases eve expression at least in part by increasing binding of Bcd to the enhancers.…”

Section: Effects Of Chip On Segmentation Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Chip interacts with diverse homeodomain proteins and potentiates Bicoid activity in vivo

Torigoi

Bennani-Baı̈ti

Rosen

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The Drosophila protein Chip potentiates activation by several enhancers and is required for embryonic segmentation. Chip and its mammalian homologs interact with and promote dimerization of nuclear LIM proteins. No known Drosophila LIM proteins, however, are required for segmentation, nor for expression of most genes known to be regulated by Chip. Here we show that Chip also interacts with diverse homeodomain proteins using residues distinct from those that interact with LIM proteins, and that Chip potentiates activity of one of these homeodomain proteins in Drosophila embryos and in yeast. These and other observations help explain the roles of Chip in segmentation and suggest a model to explain how Chip potentiates activation by diverse enhancers.

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“…VRE-stripe 2 fusion promoters were attached to a lacZ reporter gene and introduced into the germline via P-element transformation (Rubin and Spradling, 1982). Embryos were collected from transformed lines and reporter gene expression was visualized by whole mount in situ hybridization using a lacZ antisense RNA probe followed by immunochemical staining (Tautz and Pfeifle, 1989;Jiang etal., 1991b). The stripe 2 enhancer directs lacZ expression in a broad band in early cycle 14 embryos, with equally intense staining in dorsal and ventral regions (Figure 2A; Jiang et al, 1992;Small et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%