REGULATION OF AMYLASE, CELLULASE AND CHITINASE SECRETION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE TWO‐SPOTTED FIELD CRICKET, <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>

Weidlich, Sandy; Müller, Sonja; Hoffmann, Klaus H.; Woodring, Joseph

doi:10.1002/arch.21092

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Glucose production was detected at 540 nm by taking the absorbance using multimode reader. The standard curve of glucose was used, and the activity was measured as μg glucose release per 30 min (Bernfeld, 1955; Weidlich et al, 2013). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Larval Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Affects Nutritional Physiology and Induces Genotoxicity in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

2016

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Chlorpyrifos is a most widely used organophosphate insecticide because of its cost effectiveness and degradable nature. However, this pesticide enters and contaminates the environment either by direct application, spray drifts or crop run off and shows adverse effect on the non-targeted organisms. Philosamia ricini (eri silkworm), one of the most exploited, domesticated and commercialized non mulberry silkworm is known for mass production of eri silk. The silkworm larvae get exposed to pesticide residues on the leaves of food plants. The present study investigates the effect of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos (Pyrifos-20 EC) on eri silkworm. Initially the LC50 value of chlorpyrifos was determined at 24–96 h and further experiments were carried out with sub lethal concentrations of the chlorpyrifos after 24 h of exposure period. The potential toxicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated as a fuction of metabolism and nutritional physiology in 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae. Alteration in histoarchitecture of 5th instar eri silkworm gut exposed to sub lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos formulation was also studied. Chlorpyrifos induced genotoxicity in silkworm hemocytes was also investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis, micronuclei assay, and apoptosis assay. Herein, LC50 values of chlorpyrifos were calculated as 3.83, 3.35, 2.68, and 2.35 mg/L at 24, 48, 72, and 96h respectively. A significant decrease in trehalose activity along with digestive enzyme activity was observed in chlorpyrifos affected groups (P < 0.05). Further, genotoxicity study revealed higher tail percentage, tail length and tail moment of the damage DNA in chlorpyrifos exposed groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, at 2.0 mg/L concentration, ~10 fold increases in tail length was observed as compared to the control. Results showed activation of caspase activity following 24 h chlorpyrifos exposure (1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, in control group less number of apoptotic cells was detected, however in both chlorpyrifos exposed groups' numbers of apoptotic cells were statistically higher (P < 0.001). Taken together, this study provides evidence that chlorpyrifos pollution might have adverse effect on overall nutritional physiology and genotoxicity of eri silkworm that could lead to reduced survivability of this economically beneficial insect.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amylase enzyme activity was measured by standard protocol (Bernfeld, 1955; Weidlich et al, 2013). Twenty micro liter of 1% glucose was mixed with 200 μl sodium acetate buffer (0.1M, pH 5.6) and followed by addition of 50 μl of crude enzyme.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Affects Nutritional Physiology and Induces Genotoxicity in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

2016

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“…Two‐spotted field crickets secrete chitinase and cellulase in the digestive tract (Weidlich et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

Song

Kim

Moon

et al. 2018

Entomological Research

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of chitin and chitosan from both the exuvium and whole body of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae. Chitin from the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larvae was chemically extracted with acid and alkali solutions to achieve demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP), respectively. The average DM (%) and DP (%) on a dry weight (DW) basis was 32.56 and 73.16% from larval exuvium, and 41.68 and 91.53% from whole body, respectively. To obtain chitosan, chitin particles from the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larva were heated at various temperatures in different concentrations of NaOH. Average chitin yields were 18.01% and 4.92% of DW from the exuvium and whole body, respectively. The relative average yield of chitosan from whole body was 3.65% of DW. On average, over 90% of chitosan derived from whole body was deacetylated. The viscosity of chitosan from whole body was ranged from 48.0 cP to 54.0 cP. The chitin content of dry and wet byproducts from whole body were 17.32% and 16.94% respectively, compared to dry weight. The chitosan contents of byproducts on a DW basis were 14.48% in dry and 13.07% in wet byproduct. These results indicate that the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larva may serve as a source of chitin and chitosan for use in domestic animal feed.

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“…The gut secretory cells in insects may contain different kinds of vesicles in different regions of the midgut (Lehane et al., ), and secretion may take place by exocytosis, apocrine, or microapocrine processes (Jordao et al., ; Christofoletti, et al., ). In general, increasing food intake after each molt is correlated to increasing enzyme secretion in all insects (Marana et al., ; Weidlich et al., , , ), but the actual control of digestive enzyme secretion in insects is not completely understood. Based on the current study, we suggest that the basic rate of enzyme secretion is determined simply by the growth and development of the midgut, where more and larger cells secret more enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND CAECAL SIZE ARE DETERMINED BY DIETARY PROTEIN IN THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus

Woodring

Weidlich

2016

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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In Gryllus bimaculatus, the size of the caecum decreases in the latter half of each instar to a stable minimal size with a steady minimal rate of digestive enzyme secretion until feeding resumes after ecdysis. The higher the percent protein in the newly ingested food, the faster and larger the caecum grows, and as a consequent the higher the secretion rate of trypsin and amylase. When hard boiled eggs (40% protein) are eaten the caecum is 2× larger, the trypsin secretion is almost 3× greater, and amylase 2.5× greater then when fed the same amount of apples (1.5% protein). Only dietary protein increases amylase secretion, whereas dietary carbohydrates have no effect on amylase secretion. The minimal caecal size and secretion rate must be supported by utilization of hemolymph amino acids, but the growth of the caecum and increasing enzymes secretions after the molt depend upon an amino acid source in the lumen. This simple regulation of digestive enzyme secretion is ideal for animals that must stop feeding in order to molt. This basic control system does not preclude additional regulation mechanisms, such as prandal, which is also indicated for G. bimaculatus, or even paramonal regulation.

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REGULATION OF AMYLASE, CELLULASE AND CHITINASE SECRETION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE TWO‐SPOTTED FIELD CRICKET, Gryllus bimaculatus

Cited by 18 publications

References 57 publications

Larval Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Affects Nutritional Physiology and Induces Genotoxicity in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Larval Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Affects Nutritional Physiology and Induces Genotoxicity in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

THE SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND CAECAL SIZE ARE DETERMINED BY DIETARY PROTEIN IN THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus

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