2017
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.01.007
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Regulation of antimicrobial resistance by extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors

Abstract: Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are a subfamily of σ70 sigma factors that activate genes involved in stress-response functions. In many bacteria, ECF sigma factors regulate resistance to antimicrobial compounds. This review will summarize the ECF sigma factors that regulate antimicrobial resistance in model organisms and clinically relevant pathogens.

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Cited by 36 publications
(19 citation statements)
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References 147 publications
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“…On average, bacterial genomes encode six ECF σ factors; the given number for a particular bacterium will vary according to its genome size and environmental complexity 9 , 10 . ECF σ factors enable bacteria to rapidly respond to a variety of stresses 9 , 11 , 12 and are known to be essential for the pathogenicity of several disease-causing bacteria 13 , 14 . Mycobacterium tuberculosis has 10 ECF σ factors (σ C , σ D , σ E , σ G , σ H , σ I , σ J , σ K , σ L , and σ M ); deletion of ECF σ factors from M. tuberculosis results in attenuated disease progression (e.g., sigC and sigD ) or in alleviated virulence (e.g., sigE and sigH ) 15 , 16 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On average, bacterial genomes encode six ECF σ factors; the given number for a particular bacterium will vary according to its genome size and environmental complexity 9 , 10 . ECF σ factors enable bacteria to rapidly respond to a variety of stresses 9 , 11 , 12 and are known to be essential for the pathogenicity of several disease-causing bacteria 13 , 14 . Mycobacterium tuberculosis has 10 ECF σ factors (σ C , σ D , σ E , σ G , σ H , σ I , σ J , σ K , σ L , and σ M ); deletion of ECF σ factors from M. tuberculosis results in attenuated disease progression (e.g., sigC and sigD ) or in alleviated virulence (e.g., sigE and sigH ) 15 , 16 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On average, bacterial genomes encode six ECF σ factors; the given number for a particular bacterium will vary according to its genome size and environmental complexity 9,10 . ECF σ factors enable bacteria to rapidly respond to a variety of stresses 9,11,12 and are known to be essential for the pathogenicity of several disease-causing bacteria 13,14 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sigW genes were annotated on the basis of sigW present in Bacillus subtilis , which have been suggested to be involved in mediating resistance to certain antibiotics, e.g . fosfomycin 67 . The cnrH genes were predicted as homologs of cnrH present in Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 where it is part of a circuit regulating resistance to metals, in particular nickel 68,69 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%