Regulation of autophagy fires up the cold tumor microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy

Jin, Zhicheng; Sun, Xuefeng; Wang, Yaoyao; Zhou, Chao; Yang, Haihua; Zhou, Suna

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018903

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…In recent decades, current studies noticed the significance of autophagy in the TME gradually, demonstrating that autophagy and immunity work synergistically to affect tumor progression, indicating that autophagy could become a potential target for cancer immunotherapy ( 23 , 24 ). Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the correlation between autophagy and various tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the TME and broaden new insights into cancer therapy.…”

Section: Autophagy and Tumor Immune Cell Infiltrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk between autophagy and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment

Yang

Zhang²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Front. Med.

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Autophagy is a conserved process for self-degradation and provides cells with a rescue mechanism to respond to circumstances such as stress and starvation. The role of autophagy in cancer is extremely complex and often paradoxical. Most of the related published studies on tumors are always focused on cancer cells. However, present studies gradually noticed the significance of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment. These studies demonstrate that autophagy and immunity work synergistically to affect tumor progression, indicating that autophagy could become a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the correlation between autophagy and various tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The context-dependent role of autophagy is critical in the design of therapeutic strategies for cancer.

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Section: Autophagy and Tumor Immune Cell Infiltrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk between autophagy and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment

Yang

Zhang²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Front. Med.

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“…The vital cellular function of autophagy helps to characterize the immunosuppressive TME by maintaining cellular integrity in the cellular components of the TME. By affecting antigen release, presentation, recognition, and immune cell trafficking, targeted autophagy ignites the immunosuppressive TME, improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and conquering immunotherapy resistance . There is mounting evidence that autophagy plays a significant role in suppressing the antitumor immune response through many overlapping pathways, allowing tumors to evade immune cell attack by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes cells and natural killer .…”

Section: Hypoxia-induced Impediments In Tumor Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By affecting antigen release, presentation, recognition, and immune cell trafficking, targeted autophagy ignites the immunosuppressive TME, improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and conquering immunotherapy resistance. 160 There is mounting evidence that autophagy plays a significant role in suppressing the antitumor immune response through many overlapping pathways, allowing tumors to evade immune cell attack by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes cells and natural killer. 161 The treatment of malignancies resistant to standard therapies may be improved by combining immunotherapy with drugs that target hypoxia or hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by increasing the combination's specificity, efficacy, and safety.…”

Section: Hypoxia-induced Impediments In Tumor Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomedicine Strategies in Conquering and Utilizing the Cancer Hypoxia Environment

Pan,

Liu,

Mou

et al. 2023

ACS Nano

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Cancer with a complex pathological process is a major disease to human welfare. Due to the imbalance between oxygen (O 2 ) supply and consumption, hypoxia is a natural characteristic of most solid tumors and an important obstacle for cancer therapy, which is closely related to tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion. Various strategies to exploit the feature of tumor hypoxia have been developed in the past decade, which can be used to alleviate tumor hypoxia, or utilize the hypoxia for targeted delivery and diagnostic imaging. The strategies to alleviate tumor hypoxia include delivering O 2 , in situ O 2 generation, reprogramming the tumor vascular system, decreasing O 2 consumption, and inhibiting HIF-1 related pathways. On the other side, hypoxia can also be utilized for hypoxia-responsive chemical construction and hypoxia-active prodrug-based strategies. Taking advantage of hypoxia in the tumor region, a number of methods have been applied to identify and keep track of changes in tumor hypoxia. Herein, we thoroughly review the recent progress of nanomedicine strategies in both conquering and utilizing hypoxia to combat cancer and put forward the prospect of emerging nanomaterials for future clinical transformation, which hopes to provide perspectives in nanomaterials design.

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“…Numerous studies suggest that the inflammatory response in the TME is regulated by autophagy via TAMs and CAFs. By influencing monocyte development into macrophages [ 86 , 87 ], monocyte and macrophage recruitment [ 88 , 89 ], and macrophage polarization [ 90 , 91 ], these cells deliver conclusive proof that autophagy functions as a critical regulator of macrophage development. Autophagy also regulates fibroblast development into CAFs; hence, it is the key component of the immune response within the TME [ 92 , 93 , 94 ].…”

Section: Autophagy and Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis: Their Relationship under the Umbrella of Autophagy

Műzes

Sípos

2023

Biomedicines

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The immune system and autophagy share a functional relationship. Both innate and adaptive immune responses involve autophagy and, depending on the disease’s origin and pathophysiology, it may have a detrimental or positive role on autoimmune disorders. As a “double-edged sword” in tumors, autophagy can either facilitate or impede tumor growth. The autophagy regulatory network that influences tumor progression and treatment resistance is dependent on cell and tissue types and tumor stages. The connection between autoimmunity and carcinogenesis has not been sufficiently explored in past studies. As a crucial mechanism between the two phenomena, autophagy may play a substantial role, though the specifics remain unclear. Several autophagy modifiers have demonstrated beneficial effects in models of autoimmune disease, emphasizing their therapeutic potential as treatments for autoimmune disorders. The function of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and immune cells is the subject of intensive study. The objective of this review is to investigate the role of autophagy in the simultaneous genesis of autoimmunity and malignancy, shedding light on both sides of the issue. We believe our work will assist in the organization of current understanding in the field and promote additional research on this urgent and crucial topic.

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Regulation of autophagy fires up the cold tumor microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy

Cited by 18 publications

References 155 publications

Crosstalk between autophagy and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment

Crosstalk between autophagy and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment

Nanomedicine Strategies in Conquering and Utilizing the Cancer Hypoxia Environment

Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis: Their Relationship under the Umbrella of Autophagy

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