2003
DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.4.1418-1427.2003
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Regulation of c-Rel Nuclear Localization by Binding of Ca2+/Calmodulin

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Cited by 49 publications
(42 citation statements)
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“…Following binding to Ca 2ϩ , CaM undergoes a conformational change that renders it active and able to recognize and bind target proteins with high affinity (42,71). Among the possible downstream targets of CaM are calcineurin and CaMKII (72)(73)(74). As with other kinases, CaMKII undergoes autophosphorylation on a threonine residue contained in a phosphopeptide common to its ␣ and ␤ subunits and converts it into a Ca 2ϩ /CaM-independent enzyme (24).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Following binding to Ca 2ϩ , CaM undergoes a conformational change that renders it active and able to recognize and bind target proteins with high affinity (42,71). Among the possible downstream targets of CaM are calcineurin and CaMKII (72)(73)(74). As with other kinases, CaMKII undergoes autophosphorylation on a threonine residue contained in a phosphopeptide common to its ␣ and ␤ subunits and converts it into a Ca 2ϩ /CaM-independent enzyme (24).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intracellular mobilization of Ca 2ϩ triggered by various stimuli is known to act as a key second messenger necessary for the induction of NF-B activity (43,72,74). It has been shown that two NF-B elements are required for c-IAP2 promoter activity, and they function cooperatively in inducing c-IAP2 expression (24).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The differential nuclear c-rel levels could be attributed to an increased level of CaM protein only at higher concentrations of NAC. Recently, it has been shown that CaM can interact and regulate the activities of IkBa-released NF-kB family members by differentially regulating nuclear localization of c-rel and p65, as CaM-bound p65 could localize into the nucleus, whereas CaMbound c-rel is sequestered and retained in the cytoplasm (35). We found that an GSSG-rich environment imparted by treating the macrophages with high concentrations of NAC could result in an increased level of cytoplasmic CaM protein, which in turn sequesters the c-rel to prevent its nuclear translocation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CaM is involved in the regulation of nuclear c-rel and IL-12 p40 by GSSG CaM protein, a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, intracellular sensor for calcium (34), is known to interact with IkBareleased c-rel and inhibit its nuclear transport (21,35). Therefore, we speculated that macrophages rich in GSSG may also have higher levels of CaM.…”
Section: Nuclear C-rel Level Is Regulated By the Macrophage's Glutathmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Polyclonal antibody to asialo GM 1 was purchased from WAKO Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). The pRc/CMV-c-Rel expression plasmid (12) was a generous gift from Grundström (Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden). The open reading frame of c-Rel cDNA was amplified by PCR and cloned into the retroviral pMIG(W) vector.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%