Regulation of C-type natriuretic peptide expression

Abstract

a b s t r a c t C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a member of the small family of natriuretic peptides that also includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain, or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Unlike them, it performs its major functions in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Those functions, mediated through binding to the membrane guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), or by signaling through the non-enzyme natriuretic peptide receptor C (NPR-C), include the regulation of endochondral ossification, reproduction, nervous system development, and the maintenance of cardiovascular health. To date, the regulation of CNP gene expression has not received the attention that has been paid to regulation of the ANP and BNP genes. CNP expression in vitro is regulated by TGF-␤ and receptor tyrosine kinase growth factors in a cell/tissue-specific and sometimes species-specific manner. Expression of CNP in vivo is altered in diseased organs and tissues, including atherosclerotic vessels, and the myocardium of failing hearts. Analysis of the human CNP gene has led to the identification of a number of regulatory sites in the proximal promoter, including a GC-rich region approximately 50 base pairs downstream of the Tata box, and shown to be a binding site for several putative regulatory proteins, including transforming growth factor clone 22 domain 1 (TSC22D1) and a serine threonine kinase (STK16). The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the regulation of CNP expression, emphasizing in particular the putative regulatory elements in the CNP gene and the potential DNA-binding proteins that associate with them.Published by Elsevier Inc.

Natriuretic Peptides, Heart, and Adipose Tissue: New Findings and Future Developments for Diabetes Research

“…CNP expression is regulated by transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) and other growth factors in a cell-and tissue-specific manner. In the endothelium, TGF-b, TNF-a, and IL-1 enhance CNP expression, whereas platelet-derived growth factor-BB is the major CNP inducer in vascular smooth muscle cells (11).…”

“…Plasma CNP levels are greater in men than in women, decline from adolescent to the fifth decade, and tend to increase thereafter, particularly in men (21). This is likely because both testosterone and growth hormone are potent CNP inducers (11).…”

“…ProBNP can be released into the bloodstream prior to processing (14), but has six-to eightfold lower activity than BNP. The CNP gene encodes for a 126 prepropeptide that contains the two active forms of CNP (CNP-22 and CNP-53) and the inactive NTproCNP fragment (11).…”

Furin as proprotein convertase and its role in normal and pathological biological processes

“…Они экспрессируются в основном в предсердиях, желудочках сердца и эндотелиальных клетках сосудов мозга соответственно. Получены данные о синтезе этих пептидов и в целом ряде других органов и тканей [107,[109][110][111]. Своё действие НУП реализуют через рецепторы, находящиеся на плазматической мембране клеток.…”

“…Своё действие НУП реализуют через рецепторы, находящиеся на плазматической мембране клеток. У млекопитающих обнаружено три типа рецепторов НУП: NPR-A, NPR-B и NPR-C, через взаимодействие с которыми реализуется действие этих пептидов [107,[109][110][111]. Каждый пептид кодируется своим геном.…”