“…Originally discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP signaling polarizes cells in the plane of epithelia of many tissues, including the eye, wing, abdomen and thorax (Adler, 2002;Das et al, 2002;Lawrence et al, 2004;Shimada et al, 2001;Strutt, 2001;Tomlinson and Struhl, 1999). In vertebrates, Wnt/PCP signaling is known to polarize both epithelial and mesenchymal tissues (Gray et al, 2011) and has been implicated in many cellular processes, such as C&E gastrulation movements, polarization of ciliary structures, neurulation, cartilage morphogenesis and stem cell expansion (Borovina et al, 2010;Bradley and Drissi, 2011;Kuss et al, 2014;Le Grand et al, 2009;Mahaffey et al, 2013;Wada and Okamoto, 2009;Wallingford et al, 2000;Zilber et al, 2013). Genetic studies in Drosophila led to the identification of several core PCP components, including the four-pass transmembrane protein Van Gogh (Vang; also known as Strabismus), the seven-pass transmembrane proteins Frizzled (Fz) and Flamingo (Fmi; also known as Starry night) and the cytoplasmic proteins Dishevelled (Dsh, or Dvl), Diego (Dgo) and Prickle (Pk) (Adler et al, 1997;Chae et al, 1999;Gubb et al, 1999;Taylor et al, 1998;Theisen et al, 1994;Usui et al, 1999;Vinson and Adler, 1987;Wolff and Rubin, 1998).…”