Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Ruminants

Baldwin, Ransom Leland; Smith, Nathan R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9931-5_1

Cited by 9 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Normally, in well-fed ruminants the major gluconeogenesis substrates absorbed are propionate and amino acids from the alimentary tract (Baldwin and Smith 1979). There was no difference in glucose levels between the two treatments indicating the ability of the ewes to regulate the supply and utilization of energy to maintain glucose homeostasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The precursors from peripheral storage for gluconeogenesis are glycerol from adipose tissue, and glucogenic amino acids from endogenous protein. The glycerol is a relatively minor source, accounting for only about 15% of potential supply, and glucogenic amino acids therefore become the major substrates for gluconeogenesis during the negative nutritional period (Baldwin and Smith 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of ruminant health and growth to the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Le¹

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Probiotics are widely used to restore and maintain normal digestive flora to reduce metabolic disorders and improve health and productivity, especially in simple-stomached animals but less so in ruminants. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) is a novel probiotic that has previously been shown in a pilot study to reduce the risk of hay spoilage and, over a relatively short term of a few weeks, improved dry matter intake (DMI) and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in pregnant ewes fed the treated hay. The aim of the current study was to evaluate H57 over much longer periods of time than the pilot study, to confirm health and performance responses such as daily weight gain (DWG) at key stress periods in a ruminant's life. The effect of H57 on rumen fermentation, digestibility and concentration of metabolic hormones were also investigated to better understand the actions of H57 in ruminants.The first experiment (Chapter 2) investigated the effect of H57 during the transition from pregnancy to lactation when ruminants undergo a rapid change in metabolic demand.Twenty-four pregnant ewes were individually fed pellets, based on palm kernel meal, to meet their requirements for pregnancy and to gain 70g/d. They were then fed an ad libitum mixture of lucerne and oaten hay during lactation. The H57 improved DMI and DWG in late pregnancy and consequent lamb growth in early lactation. During late pregnancy, the ewes fed H57 ate 16.6% more pellets, retained 45% more nitrogen between 39 and 26 days prior to parturition, and were 17% heavier by parturition. H57 inoculated pellets did not change the digestibility of dietary energy or protein but did modify rumen fermentation toward an increase in the concentration of butyrate and valerate.In the second experiment (Chapter 3), the effect of H57 was investigated around the weaning process, another commonly stressful period in ruminant life. Twenty-four male or female calves were allocated into two groups, and between 4 and 12 weeks of age were individually offered 6 L/d of whole milk and ad libitum starter pellets impregnated with or without H57. Similar to the first experiment, calves fed H57 grew faster, tended to consume more pellets and were 14% more feed efficient compared to the Control calves. The duration of diarrhoea was 2 days less in the H57-fed calves compared to the Control calves. The H57-fed calves also weaned 9 days earlier and were 15.8% heavier at week 19. H57 also showed potential to stimulate rumen development by increasing plasma betahydroxybutyrate, which is an indicator of rumen development in young ruminants, and appeared to improve immunity by increasing the concentration of plasma globulin.iii Given the success of H57 in reducing the weaning age and incidence of diarrhoea in the dairy calves in the second experiment, it was considered there could be additional benefits if the H57 is added at the primary colonization time of the GIT microbiome, that is, as close to parturition as possible. Therefore in the third experiment (Chapter 4), ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of ruminant health and growth to the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Le¹

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“…Excess essential amino acids and insufficient nonessential amino acids are taken up by the mammary gland (Davis and Bauman, 1974), and some amino acid metabolism must occur before amino acids are activated for protein synthesis. Amino acids are not thought to be used as a net energy source in lactating mammary gland (Baldwin and Smith, 1979); however, studies indicate that the branchedchain amino acids may serve as an energy source .…”

Section: Protein Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After uptake by the mammary gland, they are used almost exclusively for milk fat synthesis and account for almost all the G18 and half of the C16 milk fatty acids (Davis and Bauman, 1974). According to Baldwin and Smith's (1979) model, 10% also are oxidized as an energy source. High concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA seem to inhibit de novo fatty acid synthesis within the mammary gland (Storry et al, 1973).…”

Section: Fat Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these three, Davis and Collier (1985) have proposed that blood flow and transport across membranes are the most Important. A cow producing 30 kg milk per day secretes daily 1600 g of lactose, 1100 g fat, and 1000 g protein and requires inputs to the mammary gland of about 2200 g glucose, 760 g fat, 950 g acetate, 170 g ketone bodies, and 1000 g of amino acids (Baldwin and Smith, 1979). Although concentrations of many of these metabolites in blood are not elevated during lactation, mammary blood flow is Increased, and transport mechanisms for triglyceride-fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids are enhanced.…”

Section: Metabolism Of the Lactatlng Ruminantmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk production and energy metabolism in ruminants fed 2-ketoisocaproate

VandeHaar

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VandeHaar, Michael John, "Milk production and energy metabolism in ruminants fed 2-ketoisocaproate " (1988 INFORMATION TO USERSThe most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer.In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge.

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Examination of energy utilization in cattle offered a forage diet at near- and sub-maintenance levels of feeding

et al. 1993

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Eight Friesian calves were reared from birth to the start of the experiment at a predetermined growth rate of 1.0 kg/d. Four calves (group 1) commenced the experiment at 22 weeks of age and the remainder (group 2) at 34 weeks, and feed intake was calculated to provide sufficient metabolizable energy to sustain zero energy balance (Em). Between experimental days 30 and 56 at maintenance levels of feeding, respiratory exchange measurements were made using open-circuit calorimetry to provide indirect estimates of heat production (H) simultaneous with measurements of faecal and urinary excretion of energy and N. A datum point for Em and H was established for each animal giving mean values for Em of 491 and 537 and for H of 476 and 511 kJ/kg live weight (LW)O" per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. Treatment levels calculated as 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.25 of dry matter intake required to sustain the measured Em, were imposed on individual animals after day 56 and further measurements of H and faecal/ urinary balance were made between days 72 and 84 followed by measurements of fasting heat production (FHP) during days 86-90 from the two animals in each group which had received the 0.75 and 1.25 levels of intake. Regression analysis of the treatment levels indicated separate linear models which predicted Em at 419 and 473 kJ/kg LW075 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. The incorporation of FHP with partitioning of faecal and urinary energy losses measured during fasting altered the relationship but not the predicted Em. Overall predicted Em (days 72-84) from all models were 406 and 478 kJ/kg LWo" per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively which were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than Em measured during days 30-56.Metabolizable energy : Maintenance feeding : CalorimetryThe UK metabolizable energy (ME) system (Agricultural Research Council, 1980) is primarily based on the results of a large number of animal calorimetry studies undertaken to evaluate concepts relating to the partitioning of food energy (Blaxter, 1962).The efficiencies with which ME is used for the maintenance of the animal (k,) and for growth and fattening (k,) have been summarized by a simple piece-wise linear model intersecting at zero energy retention (Blaxter & Wainman, 1961). These conventions have subsequently been used to define efficiencies of energy utilization despite the mathematical inaccuracies which are known to occur at levels of feeding substantially above maintenance requirements

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Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Ruminants

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Response of ruminant health and growth to the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Response of ruminant health and growth to the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Milk production and energy metabolism in ruminants fed 2-ketoisocaproate

Examination of energy utilization in cattle offered a forage diet at near- and sub-maintenance levels of feeding

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