Regulation of Glycoside Hydrolase Expression in Trichoderma

Bazafkan, Hoda; Tisch, Doris; Schmoll, Monika

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59576-8.00020-5

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most important filamentous fungi nowadays used in industry for production of homologous and heterologous enzymes—predominantly for biofuel production [ 14 , 15 ]. T. reesei expresses diverse carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), the most important being cellulases and hemicellulases [ 16 ]. Induction of these enzymes occurs on different carbon sources such as cellulose or lactose or in the presence of sophorose, but also on other carbon sources representing building blocks of plant cell wall material [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma

Schmoll

2018

Fungal Biol Biotechnol

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Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina) is the model organism for industrial production of plant cell wall degradating enzymes. The integration of light and nutrient signals for adaptation of enzyme production in T. reesei emerged as an important regulatory mechanism to be tackled for strain improvement. Gene regulation specific for cellulase inducing conditions is different in light and darkness with substantial regulation by photoreceptors. Genes regulated by light are clustered in the genome, with several of the clusters overlapping with CAZyme clusters. Major cellulase transcription factor genes and at least 75% of glycoside hydrolase encoding genes show the potential of light dependent regulation. Accordingly, light dependent protein complex formation occurs within the promoters of cellulases and their regulators. Additionally growth on diverse carbon sources is different between light and darkness and dependent on the presence of photoreceptors in several cases. Thereby, also light intensity plays a regulatory role, with cellulase levels dropping at higher light intensities dependent in the strain background. The heterotrimeric G-protein pathway is the most important nutrient signaling pathway in the connection with light response and triggers posttranscriptional regulation of cellulase expression. All G-protein alpha subunits impact cellulase regulation in a light dependent manner. The downstream cAMP pathway is involved in light dependent regulation as well. Connections between the regulatory pathways are mainly established via the photoreceptor ENV1. The effect of photoreceptors on plant cell wall degradation also occurs in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. In the currently proposed model, T. reesei senses the presence of plant biomass in its environment by detection of building blocks of cellulose and hemicellulose. Interpretation of the respective signals is subsequently adjusted to the requirements in light and darkness (or on the surface versus within the substrate) by an interconnection of nutrient signaling with light response. This review provides an overview on the importance of light, photoreceptors and related signaling pathways for formation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in T. reesei. Additionally, the relevance of light dependent gene regulation for industrial fermentations with Trichoderma as well as strategies for exploitation of the observed effects are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma

Schmoll

2018

Fungal Biol Biotechnol

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“…However, also numerous components of the signaling pathways are known to impact cellulase regulation [ 19 , 20 ] indicating that many extracellular signals causing this regulation still remain to be discovered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A CRE1- regulated cluster is responsible for light dependent production of dihydrotrichotetronin in Trichoderma reesei

et al. 2017

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Changing light conditions, caused by the rotation of earth resulting in day and night or growth on the surface or within a substrate, result in considerably altered physiological processes in fungi. For the biotechnological workhorse Trichoderma reesei, regulation of glycoside hydrolase gene expression, especially cellulase expression was shown to be a target of light dependent gene regulation. Analysis of regulatory targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 under cellulase inducing conditions revealed a secondary metabolite cluster to be differentially regulated in light and darkness and by photoreceptors. We found that this cluster is involved in production of trichodimerol and that the two polyketide synthases of the cluster are essential for biosynthesis of dihydrotrichotetronine (syn. bislongiquinolide or bisorbibutenolide). Additionally, an indirect influence on production of the peptaibol antibiotic paracelsin was observed. The two polyketide synthetase genes as well as the monooxygenase gene of the cluster were found to be connected at the level of transcription in a positive feedback cycle in darkness, but negative feedback in light, indicating a cellular sensing and response mechanism for the products of these enzymes. The transcription factor TR_102497/YPR2 residing within the cluster regulates the cluster genes in a light dependent manner. Additionally, an interrelationship of this cluster with regulation of cellulase gene expression was detected. Hence the regulatory connection between primary and secondary metabolism appears more widespread than previously assumed, indicating a sophisticated distribution of resources either to degradation of substrate (feed) or to antagonism of competitors (fight), which is influenced by light.

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“…In Trichoderma spp., production of lytic enzymes (i.e., proteases, chitinases, glucanases, cellulase, pectinase, etc.) is regulated by either nitrogen or carbon catabolite repression (5,332,696). Thus, Rheb proteins in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens represent good candidates to be key components in the regulation of perception of nutrients by their interaction with TOR kinase.…”

Section: Ras-gtpasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARYThe genusTrichodermacontains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for “hot topic” research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism inT. reesei,T. atroviride, andT. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of eachTrichodermaspecies discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved inN-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability ofTrichodermaspp. to generate hybrid galactose-containingN-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique toTrichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in theTrichodermagenus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique toT. atrovirideis the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.

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Regulation of Glycoside Hydrolase Expression in Trichoderma

Cited by 22 publications

References 197 publications

Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma

Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma

A CRE1- regulated cluster is responsible for light dependent production of dihydrotrichotetronin in Trichoderma reesei

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

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