Regulation of immune response by S‑1‑propenylcysteine through autophagy‑mediated protein degradation (Review)

Abstract

Autophagy is a key event in cellular recycling processes due to its involvement in the intracellular degradation of proteins. It has been demonstrated that S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, induces the activation of autophagy. S1PC degrades the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation response protein 88 (MyD88) of downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by activating autophagy in vitro and in vivo. The degradation of MyD88 inhibits the TLR signaling pathway, including the phosphorylation of interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 in vitro, and eventually leads to the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6 production in vitro and CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) mRNA expression in vivo. S1PC also increases the level of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and the number of IgA-producing cells in Peyer's patches in vivo. In addition, S1PC triggers the mRNA expression of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1), an inducer of IgA-producing cell differentiation via the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and the degradation of paired box protein 5 (Pax5), a suppressor of Xbp1 mRNA expression. The present review summarizes the mechanisms through which the activation of autophagy by S1PC modulates the immune response. Contents 1. Introduction 2. S1PC induces the activation of autophagy 3. Anti-inflammatory effects of S1PC 4. Immuno-enhancing effects of S1PC 5. Conclusions and future perspectives Regulation of immune response by S-1-propenylcysteine through autophagy-mediated protein degradation (Review)

Aged Garlic Extract Reduces IL-6: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Females with a Low Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

“…S1PC also modulates the immune response by inducing autophagy, a key event in cellular recycling processes due to its involvement in the intracellular degradation of proteins [ 26 ]. S1PC degrades the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation response protein 88 (MyD88) of downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by activating autophagy [ 26 ].…”

“…S1PC also modulates the immune response by inducing autophagy, a key event in cellular recycling processes due to its involvement in the intracellular degradation of proteins [ 26 ]. S1PC degrades the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation response protein 88 (MyD88) of downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by activating autophagy [ 26 ]. The degradation of MyD88 inhibits the TLR signaling pathway, including the phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa β p65, that leads to the inhibition of IL-6 production and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) mRNA expression [ 26 ].…”

S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme-epidermal growth factor receptor axis in human gingival fibroblasts

“…Aged garlic extract (AGE) is one of the garlic products manufactured by aging garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the water-ethanol mixture for more than 10 months at room temperature [18]. AGE contains several bioactive sulfur-containing amino acids, including S-allyl-Lcysteine, S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC), and S-allyl-L-mercaptocysteine that possess such properties as antioxidation [19,20], anti-inflammation [21][22][23], and immunomodulation [24][25][26]. A clinical trial on patients with mild to moderate periodontitis demonstrated that daily intake of AGE for 4 months improved gingival bleeding index [27].…”

Therapeutic effect of aged garlic extract on gingivitis in dogs

“…Aged garlic extract (AGE) is one of the garlic products prepared by the soaking of garlic with aqueous ethanol for more than 10 months at room temperature (23). AGE and its bioactive sulfur-containing amino acids, S-allylcysteine, S-1-propenylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, possess favorable properties such as antioxidation (24,25), anti-inflammation (26-28), immunomodulation (29)(30)(31), and anti-cancer activities (32). Several human clinical studies have demonstrated that AGE improves hypertension (33), atherosclerosis (34), and metabolic syndrome (35).…”