Regulation of multi-area power system load frequency in presence of V2G scheme

Abstract

The integration of renewable sources (RSs) and the widespread deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) has transitioned from a luxury to a necessity in modern power systems. This results from the sharp increase in electric power demand and public awareness of switching to green energy. However, in addition to load fluctuations and changes in system parameters, these RSs and EVs negatively impact the load frequency (LF). This work presents a LF control for a modern multi-area power system incorporating photovoltaic (PV) and EV chargers. The proposed controller primarily utilizes EV chargers within modern power systems. This approach offers the advantage of using the already present components instead of introducing new ones. The proposed controller comprises the ecological optimization approach (ECO) and the integral controller (I). Both of these components are designed for autonomous vehicle-to-grid (V2G) devices. The proposed control technique is applied to a three-area power system, where the V2G scheme is located in Area-1. Variations in the load, PV power generated, and system parameters are considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed (I+ECO+V2G) controller for controlling the LF. To assess the performance of the proposed I+ECO+V2G system, a comparative analysis is conducted to compare its performance with both the I+ECO system and the standard I-controller. The simulation findings demonstrate that implementing the I+ECO and the proposed I+ECO+V2G strategies results in enhanced system stability and decreased LF fluctuations compared to the conventional I-control approach. Furthermore, while comparing the I+ECO control technique to the suggested control strategy I+ECO+V2G, it was seen that the latter reaches steady state values more quickly. The results validate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed controller in mitigating the impacts of load disturbances, uncertainties, and nonlinearities within the system. These simulations were performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. To validate the outcomes of the simulation results, an experimental setup consisting of a real-time dSPACE DS1103 connected to another PC via QUARC pid_e data acquisition card was used. The experimental findings have substantiated the accuracy of the simulation findings about the superiority of the I+ECO+V2G methodology compared to both the I+ECO and I-control methodologies concerning system performance and LF control.

Enhancing electric vehicle charging performance through series-series topology resonance-coupled wireless power transfer

“…Several global demonstrations and pilot projects involving dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) have been undertaken by researchers, vehicle manufacturers, and energy companies. Notable examples include the UNPLUGGED and FABRIC European project, focusing on the effects of EV driving range [22][23][24]. Reference [25] introduced a novel methodology and control system for bidirectional WP Transfer systems, emphasizing the cascade series compensation topology.…”

Load Capacity of Nickel–Metal Hydride Battery and Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells in the Fuel-Cell-Hybrid-Electric-Vehicle Powertrain

“…As a result, the development and intensive use of renewable energy has become an inherent trend. However, most renewable energy sources are characterized by intermittent access, which requires the development of efficient energy storage and generation systems [4,5]. Today, the use of renewable energy to produce hydrogen is gaining popularity and recognition, further supporting the development of fuel-cell technology.…”

Advanced load frequency control of microgrid using a bat algorithm supported by a balloon effect identifier in the presence of photovoltaic power source

“…Nevertheless, using just primary FR, it is impossible to prevent deviations in frequencies (FD) from the rating value. The FD, for which PID controller-based technique is frequently used, can be eliminated by secondary FR [8,10]. To reduce the steady-state error, additional control loops are also introduced to the PFR method.…”