Regulation of nitric-oxide production in hemocytes of the ascidian Phallusia nigra

Barros, Cíntia Monteiro de; Emrich, Laura C.; Mello, Andressa de Abreu; Fonseca, Rodrigo Nunes da; Allodi, Silvana

doi:10.1016/j.niox.2014.02.007

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We established hemocyte categories based on morphological features. We found eight cell morphotypes that were previously described in S. plicata , as well as in other ascidians [5, 22, 25, 45, 46]: lymphocyte-like cells, hemoblasts, univacuolar refractile granulocytes, amoeboid granulocytes, compartment cells, univacuolar cells, morula cells, and pigment cells (Fig. 1a–x).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

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Putative stem cells in the hemolymph and in the intestinal submucosa of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata

Jiménez-Merino¹,

Abreu²,

Hiebert³

et al. 2019

EvoDevo

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BackgroundIn various ascidian species, circulating stem cells have been documented to be involved in asexual reproduction and whole-body regeneration. Studies of these cell population(s) are mainly restricted to colonial species. Here, we investigate the occurrence of circulating stem cells in the solitary Styela plicata, a member of the Styelidae, a family with at least two independent origins of coloniality.ResultsUsing flow cytometry, we characterized a population of circulating putative stem cells (CPSCs) in S. plicata and determined two gates likely enriched with CPSCs based on morphology and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. We found an ALDH + cell population with low granularity, suggesting a stem-like state. In an attempt to uncover putative CPSCs niches in S. plicata, we performed a histological survey for hemoblast-like cells, followed by immunohistochemistry with stem cell and proliferation markers. The intestinal submucosa (IS) showed high cellular proliferation levels and high frequency of undifferentiated cells and histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of hemoblast aggregations in the IS suggesting a possible niche. Finally, we document the first ontogenetic appearance of distinct metamorphic circulatory mesenchyme cells, which precedes the emergence of juvenile hemocytes.ConclusionsWe find CPSCs in the hemolymph of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata, presumably involved in the regenerative capacity of this species. The presence of proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells suggests IS as a possible niche.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…a – h Brightfield, a′ – h′ DIC, ( i – p ) Neutral Red, ( q – x ) Sudan Black. Hemocyte types (shown above) are based on de Leo [22] and de Barros [36, 45], and morphotypes used to calculate frequencies in ( y ) and in this study are shown below in gray tags. Scale bars = 5 µm…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative stem cells in the hemolymph and in the intestinal submucosa of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata

Jiménez-Merino¹,

Abreu²,

Hiebert³

et al. 2019

EvoDevo

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“…In B. schlosseri , NO is also involved in the induction of cell death (146). The production of NO by hemocytes, after their exposure to either LPS or zymosan, was reported also in S. plicata and Phallusia nigra (169, 170). …”

Section: Variety Of Cell-mediated Immune Responses In Ascidiansmentioning

confidence: 67%

Immunity in Protochordates: The Tunicate Perspective

Franchi

Ballarin

2017

Front. Immunol.

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Tunicates are the closest relatives of vertebrates, and their peculiar phylogenetic position explains the increasing interest toward tunicate immunobiology. They are filter-feeding organisms, and this greatly influences their defense strategies. The majority of the studies on tunicate immunity were carried out in ascidians. The tunic acts as a first barrier against pathogens and parasites. In addition, the oral siphon and the pharynx represent two major, highly vascularized, immune organs, where circulating hemocytes can sense non-self material and trigger immune responses that, usually, lead to inflammation and phagocytosis. Inflammation involves the recruitment of circulating cytotoxic, phenoloxidase (PO)-containing cells in the infected area, where they degranulate as a consequence of non-self recognition and release cytokines, complement factors, and the enzyme PO. The latter, acting on polyphenol substrata, produces cytotoxic quinones, which polymerize to melanin, and reactive oxygen species, which induce oxidative stress. Both the alternative and the lectin pathways of complement activation converge to activate C3: C3a and C3b are involved in the recruitment of hemocytes and in the opsonization of foreign materials, respectively. The interaction of circulating professional phagocytes with potentially pathogenic foreign material can be direct or mediated by opsonins, either complement dependent or complement independent. Together with cytotoxic cells, phagocytes are active in the encapsulation of large materials. Cells involved in immune responses, collectively called immunocytes, represent a large fraction of hemocytes, and the presence of a cross talk between cytotoxic cells and phagocytes, mediated by secreted humoral factors, was reported. Lectins play a pivotal role as pattern-recognition receptors and opsonizing agents. In addition, variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins, identified in the solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis, control the settlement and colonization of bacteria in the gut.

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“…Examination of insect hemocyte subsets has been carried out in several species, including the fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster [42] ), mosquito ( Aedes aegypti [43] ), and silkworm, ( Bombyx mori [44] – [46] ); as well as in a variety of other invertebrates, including shellfish [47] , arachnids [48] , crustaceans [49] , and ascidian tunicates [50] . Fundamental differences in hemocyte types, combined with a paucity of probes for specific cell types, has hindered development of a classification scheme that can be broadly applied across insect orders [26] , [51] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Honey Bee Hemocyte Profiling by Flow Cytometry

et al. 2014

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Multiple stress factors in honey bees are causing loss of bee colonies worldwide. Several infectious agents of bees are believed to contribute to this problem. The mechanisms of honey bee immunity are not completely understood, in part due to limited information about the types and abundances of hemocytes that help bees resist disease. Our study utilized flow cytometry and microscopy to examine populations of hemolymph particulates in honey bees. We found bee hemolymph includes permeabilized cells, plasmatocytes, and acellular objects that resemble microparticles, listed in order of increasing abundance. The permeabilized cells and plasmatocytes showed unexpected differences with respect to properties of the plasma membrane and labeling with annexin V. Both permeabilized cells and plasmatocytes failed to show measurable mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry using the JC-1 probe. Our results suggest hemolymph particulate populations are dynamic, revealing significant differences when comparing individual hive members, and when comparing colonies exposed to diverse conditions. Shifts in hemocyte populations in bees likely represent changing conditions or metabolic differences of colony members. A better understanding of hemocyte profiles may provide insight into physiological responses of honey bees to stress factors, some of which may be related to colony failure.

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Regulation of nitric-oxide production in hemocytes of the ascidian Phallusia nigra

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Putative stem cells in the hemolymph and in the intestinal submucosa of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata

Putative stem cells in the hemolymph and in the intestinal submucosa of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata

Immunity in Protochordates: The Tunicate Perspective

Honey Bee Hemocyte Profiling by Flow Cytometry

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