Regulation of Parasitoid Sex Allocation and Host Growth by Cotesia (Apanteles) kariyai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Tanaka, Toshiharu; Yagi, Shigemi; Nakamatu, Y.

doi:10.1093/aesa/85.3.310

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…attaining greater total final mass than normal unparasitized larvae at the same developmental stage (Slansky, 1978;Beckage and Riddiford, 1983;Tanaka et al, 1992). We failed to observe larger parasitized larvae under any of the nutritional conditions investigated during this study.…”

Section: The Journal Of Experimental Biologycontrasting

confidence: 57%

Nutrition interacts with parasitism to influence growth and physiology of the insectManduca sextaL.

Thompson

Redak

Wang

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY The influence and interaction of dietary protein:carbohydrate balance and parasitism by Cotesia congregata on nutrient intake and growth were examined over the last two larval stadia of Manduca sexta. Effects of nutritional status on host blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Six fat-free chemically defined diets were tested, each having the same total level of casein and sucrose, but with casein to sucrose ratios varying from low protein/high carbohydrate to equal levels of both nutrients through to high protein/no carbohydrate. Nutrient ratio and parasitism each affected nutrient consumption and growth. Feeding responses differed between normal and parasitized larvae, as illustrated by nutrient arrays,two-dimensional plots of protein and carbohydrate consumption on diets having different nutrient ratios. Normal larvae consumed more nutrients and took longer to develop as dietary nutrient ratio was displaced from equal levels of both nutrients. Except on the diet having the same amount of protein and carbohydrate, parasitized larvae consumed less nutrients than normal larvae,although on all diets parasitized larvae took longer to develop. When the contribution of parasite biomass was excluded, parasitized larvae showed lower mass gain than normal larvae on all diets. Total mass gain by normal and parasitized larvae with parasite biomass included, however, was similar on diets having intermediate nutrient ratios. Differences in mass gain between diets relative to nutrient consumption were evident from multi-dimensional representations of mass gain with protein and carbohydrate consumption. Three-dimensional plots and contour maps of normal and parasitized larvae were different. When differences in nutrient consumption between diets were taken into account, protein consumption had a greater effect on growth than carbohydrate consumption and normal larvae generally displayed greater mass gain than parasitized larvae on the same diets. Utilization efficiency, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, was, therefore,generally reduced in parasitized insects. Concentrations of blood protein,total free amino acids and trehalose were each influenced by dietary nutrient ratio and parasitism. Concentrations of protein and free amino acids generally increased and trehalose concentration decreased as dietary protein increased and carbohydrate decreased. The opposite was the case as dietary carbohydrate increased and protein decreased. Dietary nutrient ratio, however, affected normal and parasitized larvae differently. Parasitized larvae had higher overall trehalose concentrations while normal larvae had higher protein and total free amino acid concentrations. When differences in nutrient consumption between diets were accounted for, protein consumption had a greater effect on blood protein and free amino acid concentrations than did dietary nutrient ratio or parasitism. Protein consumption, however, did not affect trehalose concentration. Carbohydrate consumption had no effect on the concentration of any of the metabolites after differences in nutrient consumption were taken into account. Effects of nutrient consumption on trehalose concentration,therefore, were due to dietary nutrient ratio and parasitism. The potential relevance of the above findings to the biology of parasitized M. sexta larvae is discussed.

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Section: The Journal Of Experimental Biologycontrasting

confidence: 57%

Nutrition interacts with parasitism to influence growth and physiology of the insectManduca sextaL.

Thompson

Redak

Wang

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Numerous studies, including investigations of a variety of lepidopteran insects parasitized by Cotesia spp. demonstrate that decreased food consumption accompanies the above effects (Tanaka et al, 1992;Alleyne and Beckage, 1997). Otherwise, little is understood of the potential effects of nutrition on parasitized host insects or of the importance of host nutrition to parasite success.…”

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confidence: 99%

Host nutrition determines blood nutrient composition and mediates parasite developmental success:Manduca sextaL. parasitized byCotesia congregata(Say)

Thompson

Redak

Wang

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY This investigation examined the influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate balance in a chemically defined artificial diet for Manduca sexta larvae on development of the gregarious parasite Cotesia congregata. Normal unparasitized larvae and larvae superparasitized in the fourth stadium were reared to the end of the fifth stadium on six diets,each having the same total amount of casein and sucrose but with different ratios ranging from high protein/no carbohydrate through to low protein/high carbohydrate. Levels of blood protein nitrogen and trehalose, nutrients supporting growth and development of C. congregata, varied with diet and were influenced by parasitism. Different levels of blood metabolites reflected differences in diet consumption, and the relationships between protein nitrogen and trehalose were very similar to those for protein and carbohydrate intake by parasitized and normal larvae on various diets. Dietary nutrient ratio had a significant effect on parasite burden, the numbers of parasites developing in individual host larvae and on parasite biomass. Parasites included individuals that developed and eventually emerged as second instar larvae, moulted to third instars and pupated. Many apparently mature second instar parasites, however, failed to emerge. The proportion of non-emerging individuals varied with diet, and in some cases, parasites failing to emerge were greater in number and total biomass than those that did emerge to complete development. On most diets, the mass of individual parasites was similar regardless of dietary nutrient ratio. Three dimensional models developed to demonstrate the relationships between blood protein nitrogen and trehalose levels and parasite burden and biomass established that the levels of both metabolites are important for supporting growth and development of emerged and non-emerged parasites. In the case of emerged parasites, however, the relationships are linear, and a quadratic function best describes the relationships with non-emerged parasites. Blood metabolite levels supporting the greatest parasite burden and biomass of emerged and non-emerged parasites occupy a region of two dimensional space corresponding to approximately 60-200 mg per insect of protein nitrogen and 60-100 mg per insect of trehalose. Despite the differences in the response of emerged and non-emerged parasites to host nutrition, the present results indicate that host nutrition is not the critical factor determining parasite emergence. The significance of these findings to the biology of C. congregata is discussed.

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“…In the gregarious larval endoparasitoid Cotesia kariyai, progeny sex ratio was reported to be more male-biased for large clutches laid in large hosts than that for small clutches laid in small hosts, and the number of female progeny seemed rather constant regardless of clutch size (Tanaka et al 1992). If C. kariyai uses a fixed amount of sperm per host, these results are easily explicable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clutch size decisions of Cotesia glomerata, a gregarious parasitoid of Pieris brassicae

Hasan

Ansari

2010

Phytoparasitica

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This work investigated the ability of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to adjust the progeny sex ratio and clutch size with repeated oviposition experience and the effect of a honey-based diet on the clutch size. In the field-collected clusters many clusters were female-biased but some clusters (3.8%) produced only male wasps, suggesting that there is a low percentage of unmated females in the field. Superparasitism was common in the field, and females were believed to increase progeny sex ratio when attacking previously parasitized hosts. In the laboratory, the number of eggs laid in a day tended to decrease with increasing female age. For females that were offered two hosts per day and for those offered three hosts per day, this value became nearly the same at 9 days after the start of oviposition. Old females which attacked many hosts tended to lay fewer eggs in a day than young ones. However, the degree of this tendency was not the same for all the parasitoid females of all three groups because sperm remained viable throughout a female's lifetime. The amount of sperm used in a single oviposition bout seemed fixed and was not dependent on the number of eggs laid. Over the 2 days of the clutch size response experiment, the number of hosts a female attacked per day was not affected by the presence or absence of honey.

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Regulation of Parasitoid Sex Allocation and Host Growth by Cotesia (Apanteles) kariyai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Nutrition interacts with parasitism to influence growth and physiology of the insectManduca sextaL.

Nutrition interacts with parasitism to influence growth and physiology of the insectManduca sextaL.

Host nutrition determines blood nutrient composition and mediates parasite developmental success:Manduca sextaL. parasitized byCotesia congregata(Say)

Clutch size decisions of Cotesia glomerata, a gregarious parasitoid of Pieris brassicae

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