Regulation of respiration in plants: A role for alternative metabolic pathways

Dongen, Joost T. van; Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis; Ramírez-Aguilar, Santiago J.; Araújo, Wagner L.; Nunes‐Nesi, Adriano; Fernie, Alisdair R.

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.004

Cited by 167 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…Respiration involves the participation of different processes responsible for the oxidation of glucose molecules for energy and C structures, either in the presence (aerobic) (Millar et al, 2011;van Dongen et al, 2011) or absence (anaerobic) of oxygen . In the latter case, the most affected organ is the root, inducing partial oxidation strategies of substrates in order to continue to generate energy without oxygen (O 2 ).…”

Section: Overview Of Plant Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway responsible for oxidizing sucrose (glucose in animals) to generate ATP, a reductant (NADH) and pyruvate (Millar et al, 2011;van Dongen et al, 2011). The universality of glycolysis is associated with its importance in adaptations to different environmental stressors, such as nutritional stress, temperature, drought, and anoxia, among others (Plaxton, 1996).…”

Section: Glycolysis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The universality of glycolysis is associated with its importance in adaptations to different environmental stressors, such as nutritional stress, temperature, drought, and anoxia, among others (Plaxton, 1996). In general, the transformation of glucose to pyruvate is performed through a series of reactions catalyzed by numerous enzymes (Figure 1) (Plaxton, 1996;van Dongen et al, 2011), which not only act as catalysts and energy metabolism regulators (CamachoPereira et al, 2009), but also as signal transducers in response to changes in the environment. For instance, it has been observed that the activity level of hexokinase (HXK) would correspond to a key component in the sugar signal detection.…”

Section: Glycolysis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Is was thought that AOX's function was to support the transfer of electrons when COX was at full capacity (van Dongen et al, 2011). Nevertheless, is known that both AOX and COX compete for electrons, because both are positioned at critical OXOPHOS control points (Lambers, 1982).…”

Section: Oxidative Phosphorylation In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process oxidizes carbohydrates through two principal pathways: glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The products from these two pathways are CO 2 and the reduced compounds NAD(P)H 2 and FADH 2 , which in turn are used for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), transferring their electrons to the terminal oxidase where O 2 acts as the final electron acceptor, producing highenergy phosphate bonds (ATP) (Millar et al, 2011;van Dongen et al, 2011). ATP represents the most efficient way to obtain energy for the synthesis of biomolecules and to maintain cellular structures, transport photoassimilates, uptake ions, assimilate N and S, regulate protein turnover and maintain electrochemical potential gradients across membranes in cells (Amthor, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant respiration under low oxygen

Toro¹,

Pinto

2015

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Respiration is an oxidative process controlled by three pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Respiratory metabolism is ubiquitous in all organisms, but with differences among each other. For example in plants, because their high plasticity, respiration involves metabolic pathways with unique characteristics. In this way, in order to avoid states of low energy availability, plants exhibit great flexibility to bypass conventional steps of glycolysis, TCA cycle, and OXPHOS. To understand the energetic link between these alternative pathways, it is important to know the growth, maintenance, and ion uptake components of the respiration in plants. Changes in these components have been reported when plants are subjected to stress, such as oxygen deficiency. This review analyzes the current knowledge on the metabolic and functional aspects of plant respiration, its components and its response to environmental changes.

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Section: Overview Of Plant Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glycolysis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glycolysis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidative Phosphorylation In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant respiration under low oxygen

Toro¹,

Pinto

2015

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Plant Respiration

O’Leary

Plaxton

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Plant respiration is the controlled oxidation of energy‐rich photosynthetic end‐products (i.e. starch and sucrose) via the pathways of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial electron transport chain, producing CO 2 and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Respiration also generates low‐molecular‐weight ‘building block’ molecules needed as precursors for biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation. Although most respiratory enzymes are common to all organisms, there are many features unique to plant respiration including the occurrence of parallel glycolytic pathways in the cytosol and plastid, and alternative ‘bypass’ enzymes in cytosolic glycolysis, and the mitochondrial TCA cycle and electron transport chain. These bypasses include glycolytic enzymes that use pyrophosphate instead of ATP and non‐energy‐conserving routes of mitochondrial electron transport. The resulting flexible nature of plant respiratory metabolism represents an essential adaptation that helps sessile plants acclimatise to the many stresses that they are exposed to in their natural environment. Genetic engineering of respiratory metabolism in transgenic plants is providing an important biotechnological approach for improving crop yields and enhancing sustainable agriculture. Key Concepts Respiration is represented by the combined reactions of glycolysis, the TCA cycle and the miETC. Plant respiration produces ATP as well as biosynthetic precursors needed for growth and various metabolites needed for stress acclimation. Comparing the organisation and control of metabolism between different organisms provides key insights into the two main themes of biology: namely, evolution and adaptation. Carbohydrates are the dominant respiratory substrate in plants, whereas fatty acids are rarely respired. Plant cytosolic glycolysis is a complex network containing alternative enzymatic reactions that circumvent a classical reaction dependent on ATP, ADP or phosphate as a cosubstrate. Alternative PPi‐dependent cytosolic enzymes confer a considerable bioenergetic benefit that extends the survival time of ATP‐depleted plant cells during abiotic stresses such as anoxia or severe phosphate starvation. PEPC is a tightly regulated enzyme situated at a crucial branch point of plant metabolism that controls anaplerotic replenishment of TCA cycle intermediates withdrawn for biosynthesis and N‐assimilation. The operation of the TCA ‘cycle’ is flexible and changes flux modes to suit the needs of the cell. Plants dynamically alter the efficiency of mitochondrial ATP production by their miETC via use of alternate dehydrogenases and oxidases, and UCP, thereby providing additional metabolic flexibility in an ever‐changing and stressful environment. At the ecosystem level, plant respiration has a profound impact on the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere, and is therefore a key component influencing the global carbon cycle and climate change. Metabolic engineering of plant respiration is providing an important approach to enhancing crop yields, as well as a potential mechanism for mitigating global climate change owing to elevated atmospheric CO 2 levels.

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