Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Application of Nanotherapeutics to Eradicate S. aureus Infection

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen known to cause hospital- and community-acquired, foodborne, and zoonotic infections. The clinical infections by S. aureus cause an increase in morbidity and mortality rates and treatment costs, aggravated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. As a multi-faceted pathogen, it is imperative to consolidate the knowledge on its pathogenesis, including the mechanisms of virulence regulation, development of antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation, to make it amenable to different treatment strategies. Nanomaterials provide a suitable platform to address this challenge, with the potential to control intracellular parasitism and multidrug resistance where conventional therapies show limited efficacy. In a nutshell, the first part of this review focuses on the impact of S. aureus on human health and the role of virulence factors and biofilms during pathogenesis. The second part discusses the large diversity of nanoparticles and their applications in controlling S. aureus infections, including combination with antibiotics and phytochemicals and the incorporation of antimicrobial coatings for biomaterials. Finally, the limitations and prospects using nanomaterials are highlighted, aiming to foster the development of novel nanotechnology-driven therapies against multidrug-resistant S. aureus.

Synthesis of Ag-Doped Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Coatings and Their Antibiofilm Efficacy for Medical Implant Application

“…They are considered clinically important pathogens because of their ability to cause severe diseases, their high prevalence in healthcare settings, and their ability to develop antibiotic resistance. Most importantly, both bacterial pathogens can form robust biofilms in healthcare settings, further complicating treatment and contributing to their pathogenicity [ 46 , 47 ]. Nanoparticles are already known to target bacterial growth through a different mechanism of action, and studies on nanoparticles against the biofilm formation of bacterial pathogens are on the rise [ 48 ].…”

Exploring the potential of bis(thiazol-5-yl)phenylmethane derivatives as novel candidates against genetically defined multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Infections caused by S. aureus exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their nature, necessitating a multifaceted treatment approach that encompasses the administration of staphylococciactive antibiotics alongside surgical debridement, removal of indwelling devices or aggressive wound management [11][12][13][14]. Several antibiotics with established clinical efficacy are deployed to combat staphylococcal infections, targeting crucial bacterial processes including cell wall biosynthesis, transcription, translation, and DNA replication [10,11,14].…”

Europium Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Strip Biosensors Combined with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Simultaneous Detection of Five Zoonotic Foodborne Pathogens

“…The five pathogenic bacteria mentioned above are commonly found in undercooked foods, contaminated animal products and food processing environments. The consumption of contaminated products (such as meat and milk products) or exposure to contaminated environments can cause various human diseases ( Table S1 ) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Therefore, rapid detection of these pathogens is required for effective disease diagnosis and biomonitoring.…”

“…Table S1: Comments on five types of pathogenic bacterial infection routes and symptoms; Table S2: Characteristics of RPA and other isothermal amplification technologies; Table S3: Sequences of primers used in this study; Table S4: Comparison of quintuple RPA-EuNP-LFSBs with other biosensors; Table S5: Artificial contamination of individual strains in the samples; Table S6: Five target bacteria co-existed in the food samples. References [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ] are cited in the supplementary materials.…”